Open Gmail's Attachments in Google Docs

If you receive Microsoft Word files, Rich Text files or documents from OpenOffice and StarOffice, you can open them directly in Google Docs. Gmail has already had this option for Excel attachments.

It's a good idea to use it if you want to see more than just the text of the document (you can do this by choosing "View as HTML") or if you want to edit it, but you don't have an Office suite. The changes will be automatically saved, you'll have access to the previous versions and you can invite your contacts to edit the documents collaboratively. No more sending documents back and forth.

And a bonus tip: if you open the same attachment multiple times, Google Docs will offer you two options: open the existing document or a new copy of the attachment.

Good, Evil and the Real World

The World Economic Forum from Davos was a great occasion for journalists to talk with Google's co-founders. Asked about Google's agreement to censor the Chinese version of its search engine, Sergey Brin said...

he was instinctively opposed to the deal because he was born in the Soviet Union. "Having felt that kind of oppression, I would never have wanted to compromise in that direction." His opinion changed, he said, when he talked with Chinese people about it. "They're really proud of what China has accomplished. They feel that as much information as can go into China, the better off it is."

In Google's defense, Larry and Sergey list some key differences between Google and... let's say Microsoft: "We have very open partnerships. We're very careful about being fair with revenue. We're a big supporter of open source."

It's interesting to decide what's more evil: being in conflict with your principles (search results should be unbiased) or making many of your users unhappy (Google is often down)? Google chose the utilitarianism: something is good if it brings happiness to the greatest number of people.

YouTube Will Allow Revenue Sharing

BBC reports that YouTube will allow revenue sharing, but only for uncopyrighted videos.

YouTube founder Chad Hurley confirmed to the BBC that his team was working on a revenue-sharing mechanism that would "reward creativity".

The system would be rolled out in a couple of months, he said, and use a mixture of adverts, including short clips shown ahead of the actual film.

The system should be launched after YouTube manages to develop the content identification software that will "scan a digital file, such as an MP3 or video, and compare the electronic fingerprints to databases of copyright material". This way they'll be able to see if a video uses copyrighted material or if it's just a duplicate of another video.



{ Thank you, Adam. }

YouTube, as an Independent Company

YouTube blog announces some new features and updates, but only two are related to Google, at least in a visible way:

GOOGLE SEARCH!: Thanks to, ahem, a certain parent company, our search is now vastly improved so it should be even easier to find your favorite sleeping kitty video exactly when you want to show it to grandma. Moreover, YouTube videos are now indexed on Google Video Search, which means more potential viewers for your videos!

NEW AND IMPROVED HELP CENTER: The contents of the Help Center have tripled and it’s hopefully easier to read and navigate. Plus now you can search within the Help Center, see the Top 5 questions most asked by users, and let us know whether the information was helpful or not.

YouTube's new help center is the only thing hosted at google.com and it's interesting to note that there's no mention of Google or a Google logo. Despite all the dark predictions that Google would destroy YouTube, it's clear that YouTube won't change too much. And if it will, the changes will be subtle, like the improved search.

YouTube will continue to act like a startup, but one that has access to a lot of new and powerful resources.

Switching to the New Blogger

I've seen these image for almost a month on my blog's dashboard, but everytime I tried to switch to the new Blogger, I got an error. But today something strange happened and I could finally switch my blog, and although there were more than 6000 posts and comments, the switch finished in around 20 minutes (you may have see an error earlier). I was pleasantly surprised to see Blogger moving that fast, because last month people complained a lot:

Okay, so it's now been a little over 11 hours since I initiated the switch over to the new Blogger. Admittedly, I didn't think that it was going to be a couple minutes to transfer over my more than 2,000 posts, but never did I think that I was going to be out of commission for, well, 11 hours (and counting).

The changes aren't spectacular, but it's nice to see that the old template works fine. To implement some of the new features or to make them visible, you need to add some code, though.

Mapping the Locations Mentioned in a Book

Google Book Search shows a map that contains some of the locations referenced in a certain book (like War and Peace). If you click on a red balloon, you'll see an excerpt from the book and other pages that talk about that location. The mashup can be found in a special page that shows more information about a book, including a summary, related books and links to book stores. Inside Google Book Search shows more examples of books that have "a good number of quality locations".


Another interesting site that brings maps and books together is Gutenkarte, "a geographic text browser, intended to help readers explore the spatial component of classic works of literature", but its interface is more difficult to use.

Google Tries to Make Googlebombs Ineffective

Googlebombs (or link bombs) are attempts to manipulate the search results for a query by linking to the site you want to be the top result using that query as an anchor. Some of the most famous Googlebombs have political messages. For example, a lot of people who didn't like George W. Bush promoted his home page as the number one result for "miserable failure" and later even for "failure".


Other examples of Googlebombs: [talentless hack], [liar] for Tony Blair, [French military victories] who returns this top result.

Google's official reaction was: "We don't condone the practice of googlebombing, or any other action that seeks to affect the integrity of our search results, but we're also reluctant to alter our results by hand in order to prevent such items from showing up. Pranks like this may be distracting to some, but they don't affect the overall quality of our search service, whose objectivity, as always, remains the core of our mission."

But it seems that Google received too many complaints to continue to ignore this problem and from now on we won't see too many Googlebombs, as Google updated their algorithms for these special cases. "By improving our analysis of the link structure of the web, Google has begun minimizing the impact of many Googlebombs. Now we will typically return commentary, discussions, and articles about the Googlebombs instead." That means we won't see too many famous Googlebombs (French military victories still works, but miserable failure doesn't work anymore).

It's very hard to guess someone's intention when linking to a site: maybe he wants to plant a Google bomb, maybe he was paid to include a text link ad, maybe someone spammed the site and placed links to his "pharmaceutical" sites, maybe he linked to a site and that site changed its topic, maybe that link was included in the template of the site or maybe he made a mistake when typing the URL. Google tries to discover unnatural links (for example, they aren't about the topic of the site) and reduces their effect.

Most likely, the new algorithm tries to guess if a query was Googlebombed and biases the search results toward pages that talk about the Googlebomb. But this won't work for new Googlebombs because no news site talks about them before they're actually effective, so I think we'll see more people trying to defeat Google's algorithm and place their Googlebomb in these restrictive conditions.

Recommendations for Google Gadgets

You know the famous Amazon's recommendations: "Customers who bought this item also bought...". Google has recently started to appreciate the concept and you'll see more and more recommendations. You can already see similar pages for a search result, interesting pages and searches, customized news in Google Desktop. Now you can get recommended gadgets for your personalized homepage.

For example, if you like Gmail gadget, you might like these gadgets as well. The gadgets are determined statistically by looking at people's preferences and finding the most popular gadgets used by those who like one of them.


Google shows a link that says "You might also like..." if you click on a search result in Google's directory, although this is not enabled for everyone. Meanwhile you can try it here, by entering the URL of a Google Gadget (you can find it by doing a search and copying the green URL displayed for each search result) :

Update (February 20): The new feature seems to be live.

Google Shows More Answers

Google tries to be helpful and crawls all kinds of documents to show direct answers when you type a query. The feature called Google Q&A uses artificial intelligence to automatically discover patterns in web pages.

Lately, you can see direct answers for much more queries. For example:

• flu symptoms -> Fever - May be high; Headache; Tiredness; Dry cough; Sore throat; Stuffy, congested nose
• Paris Hilton height -> 5' 7½" (1.71 M)
• California motto -> Eureka I Have Found It

But Google's AI technology is not perfect and, although they try to use more sources to make sure they're on the right track, this doesn't happen all the time. Google trusts a lot of obscure wikis and profile pages, who fail to provide meaningful information outside their limited scope.

• text file -> To escape
• file size -> Used for
• field name -> Name of file, no path. Must be unique within topic
• file user->The REMOTE USER, Not WikiName
• Victoria size-> Height: 5'6" (the answer is from an escort site; I was trying to find how big is Victoria, a state from Australia)
  
• Katie's education - High School (Katie is a user of the social network yub.com)
• Eric's favorite runs - Upper Yough, Upper Gauley, Sec IV Chat, Watuga (Eric is a user of a whitewater site)

Google Video Searches YouTube Videos

Yes, you read this right. Now you can also search YouTube videos from Google Video. This is the first sign of integration between Google and YouTube since the unexpected acquisition from October last year.

Google Blog writes: "Google's strength -- and its history -- is grounded in search and in innovating technologies to make more information more available and accessible. YouTube, meanwhile, excels at being a leading content destination with a dynamic community of users who create, watch and share videos worldwide. (...)

Over time, Google Video will become even more comprehensive as it evolves into a service where you can search for the world's online video content, irrespective of where it may be hosted. YouTube, as we've stated previously, will remain an independent subsidiary of Google, and will continue to operate separately. (...)

Ultimately, we envision most user-generated and premium video content being hosted on YouTube so that it can further enhance the YouTube experience. We also envision YouTube benefiting from future Google Video innovations -- especially those involving video search, monetization and distribution."

So Google comes back to its real mission and promises to create a good video search engine. Hopefully, before moving all the videos to YouTube, the leading online video site will have a better video player and an option to download videos.

For the moment, you'll get almost identical results if you do a search on YouTube and Google Video, as YouTube hosts much more videos.

{ Thank you, Maurizio. }

Getting the Old Google Image Search Back

I've heard that many people hate the new design of Google Image Search and want the old one back. It's pretty easy to do that, as Google shows the classic design if you disable JavaScript. But here's a way to disable JavaScript only for Google Image Search.

Firefox
Go to your Firefox profile. For Windows XP, go to Start/Run and type:
%appdata%/Mozilla/Firefox/Profiles/
Then click on your profile's folder and open user.js in Notepad (if you can't find it, create a blank text file named user.js). Add these lines at the end of the file:

user_pref("capability.policy.policynames", "nojs");
user_pref("capability.policy.nojs.sites", "http://images.google.com");
user_pref("capability.policy.nojs.javascript.enabled", "noAccess");

You should replace images.google.com with your localized version (for example: images.google.co.uk).

Then restart Firefox.

Opera
If you use Opera 9 and you want to return to the old design:

* go to Google Images
* right-click and select "Edit site preferences"
* go to the Scripting tab
* uncheck "Enable JavaScript"
* click OK and refresh the page

Internet Explorer
These instructions are for Internet Explorer 7, but should also work for IE6.

* visit Google Images
* go to Internet Options
* in the Security tab, select "Restricted" and click on "Custom level" button
* browse to the Miscellaneous section, enable "Allow META REFRESH" and "Launching programs and files in an IFRAME" (you'll get that these settings will put your computer at risk, which is not really true) and click OK
* click on the "Sites" button and add images.google.com (the site should already be in the text box).

Note: There must be a better way than adding images.google.com to the list of restricted sites.

Safari
For Safari, you can try PithHelmet. Define a new rule for images.google.com that disables JavaScript.


Update: This Greasemonkey script works as well.

Google Shows Really Big Checkout Buttons

This year Google has a big mission: make Google Checkout successful. They tried a lot of things: making payment processing free for sellers in 2007, giving $10 to anyone who uses the service for the first time, integrating with Froogle and showing small icons next to the ads for products that can be bought using Google Checkout.

Now Google tests something that will definitely attract your attention, in case you were not aware of this Checkout thing: replacing the small icons with big buttons under the Google ads.

Here's an incomplete evolution of the way Google promotes Checkout in the AdWords section:


{ Thank you, Ted P. }

Update (February 13): Google announces that the big badges are here to stay. "We expect the new image to help shoppers more easily identify Google Checkout merchants. We're also putting the shopping cart badge on ads in the Google advertising network."

Sort Google Videos by Popularity

If you search for a video on Google Video, you have a new way to sort the results: by the number of views. By default, Google Video sorts the results by relevance, but you can also sort them by rating, uploading date or title.

Google shows the number of views for each video, so using this new option, you can get even more information about popular videos. Apparently, the most popular video is Hips don't lie (Spoof) with 14,870,715 views. The second most popular video (10,525,892 views) and the longest video from the top 10 (8 min 24 sec) is the astonishing "Russian climbing", that illustrates Parkour, a new way of walking.

Parkour is a physical discipline inspired by human movement. It focuses on uninterrupted, efficient forward motion over, under, around and through obstacles (both human-made and natural) in one's environment. Such movement may involve running, jumping, climbing and more complex techniques. The goal of parkour is to adapt one's movement to any given obstacle in one's path. According to founder David Belle, the spirit of parkour is guided in part by the notions of "escape" and "reach", that is, the idea of using physical agility and quick thinking to get out of difficult situations, and to be able to go anywhere that one desires.

The rest of the top:
3. Amazing Juggling Finale (8,853,334 views; 4 min 27 sec)
4. White & Nerdy (8,704,246 views; 2 min 51 sec)
5. Internet is for porn (7,389,797 views; 3 min 9 sec)
6. BSB - I want it that way (7,225,012 views; 3 min 35 sec)
7. Barbie Girl (6,004,122 views; 3 min 14 sec)
8. Hamster Dance (5,055,085 views; 2 min 34 sec)
9. Diet Coke & Mentos Experiments (4,483,741 views; 3 min 1 sec)
10. Webcam Girls Go Wild (4,255,412 views; 3 min 9 sec)

The New Google Groups Is Out Of Beta

The slick new Google Groups launched in October last year and available at groups-beta.google.com is now out of beta and moves to groups.google.com.

You'll find a cleaner homepage, search results that look more like web search results, topics that borrow a lot from Gmail's conversations. Each group has 100 MB storage space you can use to upload files or to collaboratively edit documents. Groups are much more customizable: you can change the colors and add welcome messages.

Now Google should focus on creating some filters for spam posts and a way to discover potentially interesting groups.

Google Image Search Has a Cleaner Look

Another important change for Google today: Google Image Search has a cleaner look. As you can see in the screenshot below, Google only shows the thumbnail and a short snippet for each result. To find more information about the image, hover over the image and get the file size, pixel dimension, format and the domain.

I like the change, because the most important factor when you decide if an image result is good enough is the thumbnail, not the source of the image or its format. If you want a certain format (JPEG/GIF/PNG) or only big images, you can always use the advanced search.

This new design, heavily inspired by Windows Live Search, uses JavaScript, so if you disable JavaScript in your browser, you'll get the old version.


Updating with some comments from an older post:

• The "classic" Google Images results are far better, show more information in a quick glance, and you don't have to mouse over each image individually. (cenoxo)


• Part of doing an effective web search is the searcher's own experience in quickly seeing at a glance the most likely result for what we are looking for. Removing information (and there's no real excuse for this here, it doesn't create any more real estate for extra images, just hides the info in a white space until you mouse over) that can help in this regard is a backward step in functionality. I definitely suggest having the option to use the tried and true or the new and unfathomable... (Anonymous)

Update (February 21): Google put the old design back.

Blending with glPolygonOffset

glPolygonOffset() is used to offset the polygon being rendered, and thus the pixels in the polygon, from the others currently in the displaybuffer. This does not actually effect the values written to the ZBuffer and is useful when blending two textures or polygons together.

The following images give an example of the problem and the effect of using glPolygonOffset. There are two polygons are rendered, the first being red, with the second being yellow blended over it in the same position in 3D space. The aim of the blending is to make a clean transition between red and yellow, or between 2 textures, in an animation. The second yellow polygon is a little bigger that the first red polygon be show the effect more clearly. In the first image, the "popping" of the red polygon through the yellow polygon occurs because the pixels values of the yellow polygon do not exactly match the Z buffer values of the first.

By enabling polygon offset the second polygon depth tests are performed using the following calculation...

"The value of the offset is factor * DZ + r * units, where DZ is a measurement of the change in depth relative to the screen area of the polygon, and r is the smallest value that is guaranteed to
produce a resolvable offset for a given implementation. The offset is added before the depth test is performed and before the value is written into the depth buffer *" OpenGL Reference Documentation

The result is that the second yellow polygon gives the desired result and blends nicely over the red polygon. This effect is very useful when blended between textures, for example, when changing a models level of detail. It is important when using this method that the polygons are drawn in a particular order. The offset yellow polygon must be draw original red polygon otherwise the effect does not work.

// Render first polygon
gl.glEnable(GL.GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_FILL) ;
gl.glPolygonOffset(-1.0f, 1.0f) ;
// Render second polygon
gl.glDisable(GL.GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_FILL) ;

Note that offsets can be used for the lines and the points in a polygon as well by enabling GL.GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_LINE and/or GL.GL_POLGON_OFFSET_POINT.

Google Lost Google.de for a Few Hours

I am the person in question registering the domain with Goneo, although it did happen inadvertently. I showed my girlfriend how one of my domains had been taken over by somebody else with the Goneo ordering system - but before entering my contact details, I went back in the ordering process and registered a different domain. Somehow, the Goneo system must have received both domains to register...

Greetings,
- The accidental few-hours owner of google.de

Last night, Google's German site was replaced by a weird image that linked to Goneo, a web hosting company from Germany. The reason? Someone requested the google.de domain from Goneo, who sent the request to German's domain registry and to the owner of domain, as known as Google. Unfortunately, Google didn't answer in time and the site was transfered to the solicitor. When Google was about to get its domain back, a similar request was approved and Google lost the domain again. But only for a few hours, because at around 7.30am German early-risers could use google.de again.

Google Adds Blog Search OneBox

I mentioned in November that Google tested an OneBox at the bottom of the search results that lists recent blog posts related to your query. Now the OneBox is live and can be triggered by adding "blog" at the end of your query (for example: search for search blog, music blog, google blog and look at the bottom of the page). You'll also find it for other queries that contain "blog", like Google Groups, as there are a lot of people who talk about the new version of Google Groups.


As Google Blog Search updates much faster than the general index, these results can be found only using a blog search engine. At least for now. Then they'll become a part of Google's main index.

Google offers a lot of OneBox flavors, that enhance the search results by adding results from specialized databases or by providing a direct answer to your query.

Homework:
1. Do you pay attention to OneBox results?
2. If you can't find a good result for your query, do you try specialized search engines (blog search, Google Books etc.)?

Update:

Statistics About Your Custom Search Engines

If you have a custom search engine at Google Co-op and you're not the only one who uses it, you might be interested to know how popular it is. Google offers a report that shows the number of queries for the last day, week or month and a list of popular queries (in case there are queries that occurred sufficiently often).

There's also a list of the most used custom search engines.


{ Via Radioactive Yak. }

Google's Spell Checker Included in All Search Services

Google's famous "did you mean...?" question that shows up on top of the search results if Google thinks you mispelled misspelled some words in your query can now be seen in each and every Google search service* (at least in the English version). You'll see it even if you search from this blog's search box.

This is definitely a good news because many people make spelling mistakes and it takes time to realize it and fix the errors manually. Of course, the implementation is not perfect as it relies on common misspellings.

For Google Maps, there's a custom implementation that corrects location names and addresses. Searching for [Montain Viw], you get: "did you mean: Mountain View, CA". Of course, a question mark would be a nice touch, as we're in the realm of grammar and punctuation.

* I can see this in: Google Image Search, Google News, Google Maps, Google Video, Blog Search, Book Search, Froogle, Google Groups, Patent Search, Google Catalogs, Google Directory, Google Scholar, Google Mobile Search (very few corrections), Custom Search (Co-op).

Google Personalized Home Shows Feed Snippets

Google Personalized Homepage tests a new way to display feeds. Instead of only showing the titles, Google displays a snippet from each item and the date. I think the layout looks too complicated and could be simplified by including the snippet in a tooltip, like Live.com does.

Note that you might not see this change in your personalized homepage yet.


{ Via Blogosoped Forum. Found by Niraj Sanghvi. }

Update: It seems that Google shows the full content of a post (at least for this feed and other FeedBurner feeds like Slasdot's), but it does a poor job at handling big images and long text. For most of the other feeds, they only show a snippet. Also, you won't see snippets for ATOM feeds (e.g.: Official Google Blog or any other Blogger blog that uses the default feed).

Building a Site in the Times of Google

It's interesting to see how a company like Google could change the way people create sites.

You don't even need to know HTML or to buy expensive software like Dreamweaver to build a simple site: Google Page Creator can do it. If you have pictures and want to share them with your friends, you don't have to spend hours building a gallery - you have Picasa Web Albums that hosts your photos, creates very nice slideshows and it's easy to set up. You don't have to worry about embedding videos: what format to choose, who will see it, how to balance the stream rate? Google Video, YouTube and many other sites take all the burden.

Blogs give you more freedom of expression and Blogger is the perfect complement for Page Creator. Share the latest news, talk about what's on your mind and get feedback. If you want to expand the discussion from your site, it's not necessary to setup a complicated forum: Google Groups might be all you need. It's easy to manage and it lets you rate posts, upload files and create wikis.

Google Docs & Spreadsheets lets you collaborate with you friends or partners and it's a good way to host documents and spreadsheets. If you write open-source software, Google is nice enough to host all your files and give you access to all their versions.

If your sites grow, Google Search comes to the rescue and lets you create a custom search engine. You can also keep track of your visitors with a professional solution like Google Analytics and monetize your sites using AdSense.

If you happen to have a store, Google can put you on the map, host your database on Google Base, make your merchandises visible in Google Search or in the sponsored links section and process the purchases (for free in 2007).

So it's astonishing to see how many things you can do without paying for hosting or learning to code. Google tries to connect the dots in Apps for Your Domain, by integrating all these services in a meaningful way.

Some will say it's not smart to depend too much on Google, others will want to stand out and build their own custom pieces, but the thing is that it's really easy to create a site and only focus on content.

Google Puts Australians on the Map

Australia celebrates its national day on 26 January and Google decided to do something special for this event: get high-resolution images for Google Maps / Google Earth.

Google Australia is celebrating Australia Day 2007 by photographing Sydney Harbour from the air, and we want to make sure as many of us as possible squeeze into the picture.

So when you see the Google branded plane flying overhead this January 26th, hoist a sign, arrange your family into a fun formation or just get a bunch of friends together to wave. (...) Wear or do something distinctive to make sure you can spot yourself.

It's interesting to note that the original Google Maps team is from Australia and that Google Maps Australia got its own subdomain last week.

A Story About Google and Yahoo

Wired unfolded an interesting story this week. How Yahoo blew it tells us how Yahoo tried to buy Google, was turned down and tried to be better than Google in search and advertising.

As Semel and his top staff sat around the table in a corporate conference room named after a Ben & Jerry's ice cream flavor (Phish Food), $5 billion sounded unacceptably high. Google's revenue stood at a measly $240 million a year. Yahoo's was about $837 million. And yet, with Yahoo's stock price still hovering at a bubble-busted $7 a share, a $5 billion purchase price would essentially mean that Yahoo would have to spend its entire market value to swing the deal. It would be a merger of equals, not a purchase.

Terry Semel -- a legendary Hollywood dealmaker, a guy who didn't even use email -- had not come to Silicon Valley to meekly merge with the geeky boys of Google. He had come to turn Yahoo into the next great media giant. Which might explain why the face of the famously serene CEO was slowly turning the color of Yahoo's purple logo, exclamation point included. "Five billion dollars, 7 billion, 10 billion. I don't know what they're really worth -- and you don't either," he told his staff. "There's no fucking way we're going to do this!"

Semel could talk tough because he had a backup plan. Yahoo would go out and buy its own top-notch search engine and its own search-advertising technology, and it would beat Google in the emerging arena of little text ads that pop up next to search results. Semel's decision to opt for this plan B was a fateful one. It was a smart play -- but Yahoo fumbled, bungled, and mishandled its execution at every step. (More on that in a moment.) As a result, Google today controls nearly 70 percent of the search-related advertising market, an industry worth more than $15 billion a year and growing at roughly 50 percent a year.

And now Yahoo's CEO regrets they didn't buy Google. Yahoo's mistake was that it didn't understand the importance of search. When web pages started to grow exponentially, they said it's just a commodity and used third-party search engines (Altavista, Google). Why invest in a technology that just sends people away from your site? Now Yahoo has a good search engine, but most of its users don't use it because it's better (it's not), but because they use other Yahoo services and it's more convenient.

Homework:
1. What would've happened to Google if Yahoo had bought it?
2. What is the main difference between Google and Yahoo?

Google Will Let You Read Books Online

Google's book search program will give publishers a new option to monetize their content: sell online access. Currently a very small part of the books indexed by Google can be read entirely and most are public domain books.

"With online access, users who discover a book through Google Book Search will be able to pay for immediate access to its full contents. (...) The book will be available to users only through their browser, and only when they've signed in with their personal account. Users cannot save a copy on their computer or copy pages from the book."

So you'll not actually buy a book (even in a digital format), you'll buy the right to read it online. As the price should be much smaller than for a PDF, this might be an option if you just need some information from a book.

Google doesn't think this system could be a substitute for book stores. "You may just want to rent a travel guide for the holiday or buy a chapter of a book. Ultimately, it will be the readers who decide how books are read," says Jens Redmer, from Google Europe.

Homework:
1. What do you think it's the future of books?
2. Would you read books online?