Tutorial Proggraming Free

tutorial - Adding new splash image to grub

All you need to do is to copy splash image file to /boot/grub/ directory and edit the grub menu configuration file at /boot/grub/menu.lst and add a line

splashimage=(hd0,5)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz

Remember to change the (hd0,5) param for your configuration, this line shows the grub loader where it can find the image on the physical disk. Because the partitions has not yet mounted we must give the physical address by saying the bootloader the hd0 and partition number 5. You can learn your linux partition number by looking at the similar line

title Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.12-9-386
root (hd0,5)

in your grub config.

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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/05/13578175808975.html

tutorial - SSH login without password

If you want to use passwordless ssh login feature, you should use public key authentication mechanism. To do this, remote server must be configured to enable public key authentication (enabled by default) and you should have an ssh public/private key and store your public key at the remote side's special file: ~remote-user/.ssh/authorized_keys

Remote server setup: Check the following lines exists and uncommented in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config, if not you must add it and restart ssh server at the remote side:

RSAAuthentication yes
PubkeyAuthentication yes

Local setup: You must generate an public/private key pair for your own if it's not generated before:

ssh-keygen -t rsa

You can select defaults just hitting enter a few times. After that your public key will be in the ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub file, you must add this file content's to ~remote-user/.ssh/authorized_keys file. You can scp to copy id_rsa.pub at the remote side and after that you can append id_rsa.pub contents into authorized_keys file at the remote side.

This is a trivial process and there is a special script utility which basically makes this copy and append task called ssh-copy-id:

ssh-copy-id remote-user@remote-host

Now, you can login without entering password

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/05/13578175803021.html

tutorial - Create ISO image of directory

To make an ISO from files on your hard drive, create a directory which holds the files you want. Then use the mkisofs command.

mkisofs -o /tmp/cd.iso /home/nikesh/

This results in a file called cd.iso in folder /tmp which contains all the files and directories in /home/nikesh/.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/05/13578175802340.html

tutorial - Directory indexing

Directory indexing feature improves file access time in large directories or directories containing many files by using hashed binary trees to store the directory information. It is a good way to enable it for example on a web server which has thousands of files in a single directory:

tune2fs -O dir_index /dev/sda3

Directory index will be created for new files but you can regenerate index with:

e2fsck -D -f /dev/sda3

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/05/13578175801733.html

tutorial - A Password Recovery Tool for PDF-files

PDFCrack is a GNU/Linux (other POSIX-compatible systems should work too) tool for recovering passwords and content from PDF-files. It is small, command line driven without external dependencies. The application is Open Source (GPL).

Features:

* Supports the standard security handler (revision 2 and 3) on all known PDF-versions
* Supports cracking both owner and userpasswords
* Both wordlists and bruteforcing the password is supported
* Simple permutations (currently only trying first character as Upper Case)
* Save/Load a running job
* Simple benchmarking
* Optimised search for owner-password when user-password is known

Install pdfcrack in Ubuntu

sudo aptitude install pdfcrack

pdfcrack Syntax

pdfcrack -f filename [options]

pdfcrack Example

pdfcrack suck.pdf

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/05/135781758015462.html

tutorial - Migrating to ext4

Ext4 is the latest in a long line of Linux® file systems, and it's likely to be as important and popular as its predecessors. As a Linux system administrator, you should be aware of the advantages, disadvantages, and basic steps for migrating to ext4. This article explains when to adopt ext4, how to adapt traditional file system maintenance tool usage to ext4, and how to get the most out of the file system.

Current and upcoming features of ext4 that provide advantages over ext3

Feature	Advantage
Larger file systems	Ext3 tops out at 32 tebibyte (TiB) file systems and 2 TiB files, but practical limits may be lower than this depending on your architecture and system settings—perhaps as low as 2 TiB file systems and 16 gibibyte (GiB) files. Ext4, by contrast, permits file systems of up to 1024 pebibyte (PiB), or 1 exbibyte (EiB), and files of up to 16 TiB. This may not be important (yet!) for the average desktop computer or server, but it is important to users with large disk arrays.
Extents	An extent is a way to improve the efficiency of on-disk file descriptors, reducing deletion times for large files, among other things.
Persistent preallocation	If an application needs to allocate disk space before actually using it, most file systems do so by writing 0s to the not-yet-used disk space. Ext4 permits preallocation without doing this, which can improve the performance of some database and multimedia tools.
Delayed allocation	Ext4 can delay allocating disk space until the last moment, which can improve performance.
More subdirectories	If you've ever felt constrained by the fact that a directory can only hold 32,000 subdirectories in ext3, you'll be relieved to know that this limit has been eliminated in ext4.
Journal checksums	Ext4 adds a checksum to the journal data, which improves reliability and performance.
Online defragmentation	Although ext3 isn't prone to excessive fragmentation, files stored on it are likely to become at least a little fragmented. Ext4 adds support for online defragmentation, which should improve overall performance.
Undelete	Although it hasn't been implemented yet, ext4 may support undelete, which, of course, is handy whenever somebody accidentally deletes a file.
Faster file system checks	Ext4 adds data structures that permit fsck to skip unused parts of the disk in its checks, thus speeding up file system checks.
Nanosecond timestamps	Most file systems, including ext3, include timestamp data that is accurate to a second. Ext4 extends the accuracy of this data to a nanosecond. Some sources also indicate that the ext4 timestamps support dates through April 25, 2514, versus January 18, 2038, for ext3.

tutorial - Network Scanner - Abyss

Abyss is a diverse network tool designed for unix/linux with both active, and passive capabilities. It performs various types of portscans, with remote OS detection, and uses a multi-threaded model for fast simultaneous network
scans

Abyss also has sniffing capabilities based on complex BPF filters that display packet information, decode the payload, and perform passive OS detection.

AbysS Compiles on Linux, and FreeBSD. It is POSIX compliant, and should work on other unix varients running on x86.

1. Download from here
2. Unpack the tar ball - tar zxvf abyss-0.9.15-pre-release.tgz
3. Compile - type make

The README-NOW file is very descriptive, and should give full instructions
on using AbysS

Example:

Scan all the live hosts on a 30 node LAN

./abyss -p target.net/27 192.168.1.2 -o iplist
./abyss -f iplist

Passive OS Detection, while also sniffing payload and packets from all tcp traffic

./abyss -O eth0 -b tcp -h -o logfile

Sniff ftp usernames, and passwords

./abyss -O eth0 -b tcp and dst port 21 -h -o logfile

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/05/13578175803104.html

tutorial - Search And Replace Text in files Recursively

regexxer is a nifty GUI search/replace tool featuring Perl-style regular expressions. If you need project-wide substitution and you’re tired of hacking sed command lines together, then you should definitely give it a try.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/05/13578175803776.html

tutorial - Remote Desktop to Windows through Linux

Gnome-RDP: Remote Desktop Client for the GNOME Desktop. Supported protocols: RDP, VNC, SSH. Configured sessions can be saved to the built in list. Additional programs required: rdesktop, tightvnc, ssh, gnome-terminal. Application can be run with Mono runtime.

Installation on Ubuntu:

sudo apt-get install gnome-rdp

Now that Gnome-RDP is installed lets fire it up:
Goto Applications->Internet->Gnome-RDP

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/05/13578175809409.html

tutorial - Howto Install Wine in Ubuntu

Add the winehq repository : Open up a terminal Applications->Accessories->Terminal
Add the gpg apt key: wget -q http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt/387EE263.gpg -O- | sudo apt-key add -

Add the Repository via wget:
sudo wget http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt/sources.list.d/hardy.list -O /etc/apt/sources.list.d/winehq.list

Update the apt sources and install the latest wine!

sudo apt-get update ; sudo apt-get install wine

Done, now you have the latest wine package installed!

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/05/13578175807889.html

tutorial - Install Google Earth on Linux

Install Google Earth 4.3 by opening a terminal and issuing following commands

# wget http://dl.google.com/earth/client/current/GoogleEarthLinux.bin
# chmod +x GoogleEarthLinux.bin
# sudo ./GoogleEarthLinux.bin

The above command will install googleEarth to /opt/google-earth and create a desktop icon for all users. Click on icon to start up the Google Earth

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/05/13578175809375.html

tutorial - OpenSUSE Hard Disk Configuration Survey

In order to optimize the YaST partitioner module for openSUSE users the user experience team decided to conduct a small survey to figure out how you deal with hard disk configuration. The survey contains some basic questions and its results will directly influence the redesign for the partitioner module.

The survey will be online until 28th May 2008 and the results will be published on openSUSE.org as soon as possible.

Answering the questions will take less than five minutes.

Click here to take the survey

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/05/135781758012892.html

tutorial - Howto change the MySQL root password

Here is a quick tip that will show several methods to change the mysql root password (that is normally empty at mysql initial install).

Method 1: using the SET PASSWORD command:
mysql -u root
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'localhost' = PASSWORD('newpass');

Method 2: using mysqladmin
mysqladmin -u root password "newpass"

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/05/135781758011443.html

tutorial - Turn OFF password expiration / aging

etc/shadow stores actual password in encrypted format for user’s account with additional properties related to user password.

The password expiration information for a user is contained in the last 6 fields. Password expiration for a select user can be disabled by editing the /etc/shadow file

You can also use chage command. The chage command changes the number of days between password changes and the date of the last password change. This information is used by the system to determine when a user must change his/her password.

To list current aging type chage command as follows:
# chage -l nikesh
Output:

Last password change : May 12, 2008
Password expires : never
Password inactive : never
Account expires : never
Minimum number of days between password change : 0
Maximum number of days between password change : 99999
Number of days of warning before password expires : 7

To disable password aging / expiration for user foo, type command as follows and set:
Minimum Password Age to 0
Maximum Password Age to 99999
Password Inactive to -1
Account Expiration Date to -1

Interactive mode command:
# chage username
OR
# chage -I -1 -m 0 -M 99999 -E -1 username

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/05/135781758018311.html

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