Tutorial Proggraming Free

tutorial - Fully Automatic Installation for all distributions

FAI is an automated installation tool to install or deploy Debian GNU/Linux and other distributions on a bunch of different hosts or a Cluster. It's more flexible than other tools like kickstart for Red Hat, autoyast and alice for SuSE or Jumpstart for SUN Solaris. FAI can also be used for configuration management of a running system.

You can take one or more virgin PCs, turn on the power and after a few minutes Linux is installed, configured and running on all your machines, without any interaction necessary.

FAI it's a scalable method for installing and updating all your computers unattended with little effort involved. It's a centralized management system for your Linux deployment.

FAI's target group are system administrators who have to install Linux onto one or even hundreds of computers. It's not only a tool for doing a Cluster installation but a general purpose installation tool. It can be used for installing a Beowulf cluster, a rendering farm, a web server farm, or a linux laboratory or a classroom. Even installing a HPC cluster or a GRID and fabric management can be realized by FAI. Large-scale linux networks with different hardware and different installation requirements are easy to establish using FAI and its class concept. Remote OS installations, Linux rollout, mass unattended installation and automated server provisioning are other topics for FAI.

Download: http://www.informatik.uni-koeln.de/fai/download/
Read More at : http://www.informatik.uni-koeln.de/fai/

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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/09/135781757115385.html

tutorial - Structure of a PAM Configuration File

Each line in a PAM configuration file contains a maximum of four columns:

PAM modules are processed as stacks. Different types of modules have different purposes, for example, one module checks the password, another one verifies the location from which the system is accessed, and yet another one reads user-specific settings. PAM knows about four different types of modules:

auth
The purpose of this type of module is to check the user's authenticity. This is traditionally done by querying a password, but it can also be achieved with the help of a chip card or through biometrics (fingerprints or iris scan).

account
Modules of this type check whether the user has general permission to use the requested service. As an example, such a check should be performed to ensure that no one can log in under the username of an expired account.

password
The purpose of this type of module is to enable the change of an authentication token. In most cases, this is a password.

session
Modules of this type are responsible for managing and configuring user sessions. They are started before and after authentication to register login attempts in system logs and configure the user's specific environment (mail accounts, home directory, system limits, etc.).

The second column contains control flags to influence the behavior of the modules started:

required
A module with this flag must be successfully processed before the authentication may proceed. After the failure of a module with the required flag, all other modules with the same flag are processed before the user receives a message about the failure of the authentication attempt.

requisite
Modules having this flag must also be processed successfully, in much the same way as a module with the required flag. However, in case of failure a module with this flag gives immediate feedback to the user and no further modules are processed. In case of success, other modules are subsequently processed, just like any modules with the required flag. The requisite flag can be used as a basic filter checking for the existence of certain conditions that are essential for a correct authentication.

sufficient
After a module with this flag has been successfully processed, the calling application receives an immediate message about the success and no further modules are processed, provided there was no preceding failure of a module with the required flag. The failure of a module with the sufficient flag has no direct consequences, in the sense that any subsequent modules are processed in their respective order.

optional
The failure or success of a module with this flag does not have any direct consequences. This can be useful for modules that are only intended to display a message (for example, to tell the user that mail has arrived) without taking any further action.

include
If this flag is given, the file specified as argument is inserted at this place.

The module path does not need to be specified explicitly, as long as the module is located in the default directory /lib/security. The fourth column may contain an option for the given module, such as debug (enables debugging) or nullok (allows the use of empty passwords).

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/09/13578175716227.html

tutorial - Tuning MySQL Performance With MySQLTuner

You should carefully read the output, especially the recommendations at the end. It shows exactly which variables you should adjust in the [mysqld] section of your my.cnf (on Debian and Ubuntu the full path is /etc/mysql/my.cnf). Whenever you change your my.cnf, make sure that you restart MySQL. You can then run MySQLTuner again to see if it has further recommendations to improve the MySQL performance. This way, you can optimize MySQL step by step

Complete Story

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/09/135781757113880.html

tutorial - DNS and it's Terminology

Zone
The domain namespace is divided into regions called zones. For instance, if you have example.com, you have the example section, or zone, of the com domain.

DNS server
The DNS server is a server that maintains the name and IP information for a domain. You can have a primary DNS server for master zone, a secondary server for slave zone, or a slave server without any zones for caching.

Master zone DNS server
The master zone includes all hosts from your network and a DNS server master zone stores up-to-date records for all the hosts in your domain.

Slave zone DNS server
A slave zone is a copy of the master zone. The slave zone DNS server obtains its zone data with zone transfer operations from its master server. The slave zone DNS server responds authoritatively for the zone as long as it has valid (not expired) zone data. If the slave cannot obtain a new copy of the zone data, it stops responding for the zone.

Forwarder
Forwarders are DNS servers to which your DNS server should send queries it cannot answer.

Record
The record is information about name and IP address. Supported records and their syntax are described in BIND documentation. Some special records are:

NS record
An NS record tells name servers which machines are in charge of a given domain zone.

MX record
The MX (mail exchange) records describe the machines to contact for directing mail across the Internet.

SOA record
SOA (Start of Authority) record is the first record in a zone file. The SOA record is used when using DNS to synchronize data between multiple computers.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/09/135781757116392.html

tutorial - Announcing the Ubuntu Manpage Repository

http://manpages.ubuntu.com - This site contains nearly 300,000 HTML viewable manpages included in Ubuntu releases (Dapper, Feisty, Gutsy, Hardy, Intrepid) and across all of (main, universe, restricted, multiverse) and across all languages where manpages are available. It is automatically updated daily.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/09/13578175718991.html

tutorial - How To use Automount Service to import/mount NFS File Systems?

The autofs daemon can be used to mount remote file systems automatically. To do this, add the following entry in the your /etc/auto.master file:

/nfsmounts /etc/auto.nfs

Now the /nfsmounts directory acts as a root for all the NFS mounts on the client if the auto.nfs file is completed appropriately. The name auto.nfs is chosen for sake of convenience—you can choose any name. In the selected file (create it if it does not exist), add entries for all the NFS mounts as in the following example:

localdata -fstype=nfs server1:/data
nfs4mount -fstype=nfs4 server2:/

Activate the settings with rcautofs start. For this example, /nfsmounts/localdata, the /data directory of server1, is then mounted with NFS and /nfsmounts/nfs4mount from server2 is mounted with NFSv4.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/09/135781757114804.html

tutorial - Hex Editor

Bless is a high quality, full featured hex editor.

It is written in mono/Gtk# and its primary platform is GNU/Linux. However it should be able to run without problems on every platform that mono and Gtk# run

Main Features
Bless currently provides the following features:

    * Efficient editing of large data files and block devices.
    * Multilevel undo - redo operations.
    * Customizable data views.
    * Fast data rendering on screen.
    * Multiple tabs.
    * Fast find and replace operations.
    * A data conversion table.
    * Advanced copy/paste capabilities.
    * Highlighting of selection pattern matches in the file.
    * Plugin based architecture.
    * Export of data to text and html (others with plugins).
    * Bitwise operations on data.
    * A comprehensive user manual.

Requirements
To build and run the latest version of Bless you need:

    * Mono >= 1.1.14 and Gtk#2 >= 2.8: http://www.mono-project.com

Installation
Step 1: Untar the source package
For a tar.gz package use: tar -xzvf bless-a.b.c.tar.gz

Step 2: Configure the build
Enter the directory created in the previous step (bless-a.b.c) and type ./configure'. The script will check if your system has all the required libraries. Use the --prefix=PREFIX option to set the installation directory prefix. By default the prefix is '/usr/local'.

You can also use the --enable-debug option to build bless with debug information.

Step 3: Build the program
Type 'make'. This will create bless exe and the necessary libraries in the bin/ directory and the bless launcher script in the bless-a.b.c directory. You can also type 'make check' to run some tests on various bless components.

Step 4: Install the program (optional)
Become root and type 'make install'.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/09/13578175713140.html

tutorial - Split and merge large files

Use the split command to do this:

split --bytes=1024m bigfile.iso small_file_

That command will split bigfile.iso into files that are 1024 MB in size (1GB) and name the various parts small_file_aa, small_file_ab, etc. You can specify b for bytes, k for Kilobytes and m for Megabytes to specify sizes.

To join the files back together on Linux:

cat small_file_* > joined_file.iso

Similarly to join the split files on a Windows machine, use the copy command:

copy /b small_file_* joined_file.iso

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/09/135781757114510.html

tutorial - iptables - Block Diagram

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/09/13578175717404.html

tutorial - Power saving options of the hard disk

In Linux, the hard disk can be put to sleep entirely if it is not needed or it can be run in a more economic or quieter mode. On modern laptops, you do not need to switch off the hard disks manually, because they automatically enter an economic operating mode whenever they are not needed. However, if you want to maximize power savings, test some of the following methods.

The hdparm application can be used to modify various hard disk settings. The option -y instantly switches the hard disk to the standby mode. -Y puts it to sleep. hdparm -S x causes the hard disk to be spun down after a certain period of inactivity. Replace x as follows: 0 disables this mechanism, causing the hard disk to run continuously. Values from 1 to 240 are multiplied by 5 seconds. Values from 241 to 251 correspond to 1 to 11 times 30 minutes.

Internal power saving options of the hard disk can be controlled with the option -B. Select a value from 0 to 255 for maximum saving to maximum throughput. The result depends on the hard disk used and is difficult to assess. To make a hard disk quieter, use the option -M. Select a value from 128 to 254 for quiet to fast.

Often, it is not so easy to put the hard disk to sleep. In Linux, numerous processes write to the hard disk, waking it up repeatedly. Therefore, it is important to understand how Linux handles data that needs to be written to the hard disk. First, all data is buffered in the RAM. This buffer is monitored by the pdflush daemon. When the data reaches a certain age limit or when the buffer is filled to a certain degree, the buffer content is flushed to the hard disk. The buffer size is dynamic and depends on the size of the memory and the system load. By default, pdflush is set to short intervals to achieve maximum data integrity. It checks the buffer every 5 seconds and writes the data to the hard disk. The following variables are interesting:

/proc/sys/vm/dirty_writeback_centisecs
contains the delay until a pdflush thread wakes up in hundreths of a second.

/proc/sys/vm/dirty_expire_centisecs
defines after which timeframe a dirty page should be written out latest. Default is 3000 which means 30 seconds.

/proc/sys/vm/dirty_background_ratio
maximum percentage of dirty pages until pdflush begins to write them. Default is 5%.

/proc/sys/vm/dirty_ratio
when the dirty page exceed this percentage of the total memory, processes are forced to write dirty buffers during their time slice instead of doing more writes.

Another important factor is the way active programs behave. For example, good editors regularly write hidden backups of the currently modified file to the hard disk, causing the disk to wake up. Features like this can be disabled at the expense of data integrity.

In this connection, the mail daemon postfix makes use of the variable POSTFIX_LAPTOP. If this variable is set to yes, postfix accesses the hard disk far less frequently.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/09/13578175711152.html

tutorial - OpenSuse/Fedora/CentOS performance boost by using prelink

prelink is a program which modifies ELF shared libraries and ELF dynamically linked binaries, so that the time which dynamic linker needs for their relocation at startup significantly decreases and also due to fewer relocations the run-time memory consumption decreases too (especially number of unshareable pages). Such prelinking information is only used if all its dependent libraries have not changed since prelinking, otherwise programs are relocated normally.

Installation:
Download prelink for OpenSuSe - here
You can also search http://rpm.pbone.net for Fedora/CentOS prelink package (prelink-0.4.0-15.1)

Install it: # rpm -ivh prelink-0.4.0-15.1

Configuration:
After sucesfull installation, run the following command (you need to be root)
# prelink -avmR

This can take a long time, after completion reboot your box and feel the difference in preformance.

Then same can be applied for fedora/CentOs

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/09/13578175718995.html

tutorial - How to Enable-Disable Compiz Fusion effects in openSUSE

There may be instances when you need to disable Desktop Effects (Compiz Fusion) temporarily in openSUSE.

To disable Desktop Effects temporarily,

Press + F2 and type “metacity — replace”

This should let compiz to start but disables later on. This will replace metacity as the new Window Manager.

To re-enable Desktop Effects

Press + F2 and type “compiz-manager –replace”

This will let you make compiz-manager as the Window Manager again.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/09/135781757115486.html

tutorial - PDFedit - Opensource PDF editor

PDFedit - Free editor for PDF documents. Complete editing of PDF documents is possible with PDFedit. You can change raw pdf objects (for advanced users) or use many gui functions. Functionality can be easily extended using a scripting language (ECMAScript).

Features:
    Convert PDT to XML files
    Insert pages from other PDF documents
    Save pages as image files
    Delinearize PDF files
    Extract text from PDF files
    Add text, Add text strikethrough & highlighting
    Rotate pages, Edit page metrics
    Draw lines and rectangles in the document
    Add fonts to the page

OpenSuse 11.0 user can install it using 1 click - here
Other - here

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/09/135781757119652.html

tutorial - BasKet - note pad

BasKet Note Pads is an application that provides several baskets into which the user can drop all sorts of notes: rich text, links, images, sounds, files, colors, application launchers, and more.

Objects in the baskets can be edited, copied, and rearranged. This application can be used to quickly store Web objects (such as links, text, or images) or notes, and it can also help clean up a clutered desktop. It is also useful for collecting information for a report. The data in baskets can be shared with co-workers by exporting them to HTML.

OpenSuse 11.0 user can use 1 click install - here
For other, download here

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/09/135781757114992.html

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