tutorial - Nagios Plugin to monitor Oracle DB health

check_oracle_health is a plugin for the Nagios monitoring software that allows you to monitor various metrics of an Oracle database. It includes connection time, SGA data buffer hit ratio, SGA library cache hit ratio, SGA dictionary cache hit ratio, SGA shared pool free, PGA in memory sort ratio, tablespace usage, tablespace fragmentation, tablespace I/O balance, invalid objects, and many more.

Download

check_oracle_health-1.4.0.1.tar.gz
check_oracle_health-1.4.0.1.zip


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/07/135781758010470.html

tutorial - CD ripper and audio converter

jRipper is a CD ripper and audio converter that can encode and decode WAV, FLAC, MP3, Ogg, and AAC(M4A) formats. It is a frontend to the cdda2wav, lame, oggenc/oggdec, flac, and faac/faad programs. It can load CD track names from freedb.org or by using the cdda2wav program.


Download

jRipper 2008.06 windows installer with all encoders.
jRipper 2008.06 jar file (for other platforms or Windows)
The minimum requirement is Java 1.5.
And the MD5 file.

Source is in the java file.
Windows version of cdda2wav comes from here
main.c in faac (progress output suppressed)
main.c in faad (two extra flush for stderr)
JGoodies (for compiling jRipper)

Installing

To use jRipper on other platforms than Windows, you must install/compile the encoder/decoder programs for your operating system.

If you are using Windows, use the installer.
On other platforms, or windows, you can start jRipper with
java -jar jripper.jar

Settings in jRipper

Set the path to the encoder/decoder programs unless you have them already in the system path.
Or in windows start jRipper from the installed directory (by default)

Set the CD device.
Typical values are /dev/cdrom for normal ide drives in linux.
1,0,0 for SCSI or SCSI/IDE emulation or for Windows.

For SCSI settings run cdda2wav -scanbus as root in unix or as an administrator user in windows from a console to get a list of available drives. This command can be executed from the setup dialog, which appends found drives in the drop down list box of drive choices.

Set the root destination folder for your encoded tracks.


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/07/13578175805390.html

tutorial - How to use Netstat?

Netstat (network statistics) is a command-line tool that displays network connections (both incoming and outgoing), routing tables, and a number of network interface statistics. Netstat is a useful tool for checking your network configuration and activity.

just typing netstat should display a long list of information that's usually more than you want to go through at any given time. The trick to keeping the information useful is knowing what you're looking for and how to tell netstat to only display that information.

For example, if you only want to see TCP connections, use netstat --tcp. This shows a list of TCP connections to and from your machine. The following example shows connections to our machine on ports 993 (imaps), 143 (imap), 110 (pop3), 25 (smtp), and 22 (ssh).It also shows a connection from our machine to a remote machine on port 389 (ldap).

Note: To speed things up you can use the --numeric option to avoid having to do name resolution on addresses and display the IP only.

1: netstat --tcp

% netstat --tcp --numeric
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 192.168.128.152:993 192.168.128.120:3853 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 192.168.128.152:143 192.168.128.194:3076 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 192.168.128.152:45771 192.168.128.34:389 TIME_WAIT
tcp 0 0 192.168.128.152:110 192.168.33.123:3521 TIME_WAIT
tcp 0 0 192.168.128.152:25 192.168.231.27:44221 TIME_WAIT
tcp 0 256 192.168.128.152:22 192.168.128.78:47258 ESTABLISHED
If you want to see what (TCP) ports your machine is listening on, use netstat --tcp --listening. Another useful flag to add to this is --programs which indicates which process is listening on the specified port. The following example shows a machine listening on ports 80 (www), 443 (https), 22 (ssh), and 25 (smtp);

2: netstat --tcp --listening --programs

# sudo netstat --tcp --listening --programs
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 *:www *:* LISTEN 28826/apache2
tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN 26604/sshd
tcp 0 0 *:smtp *:* LISTEN 6836/
tcp 0 0 *:https *:* LISTEN 28826/apache2
Note: Using --all displays both connections and listening ports.

The next example uses netstat --route to display the routing table. For most people, this will show one IP and and the gateway address but if you have more than one interface or have multiple IPs assigned to an interface, this command can help troubleshoot network routing problems.

3: netstat --route

% netstat --route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 1 0 0 eth0
The last example of netstat uses the --statistics flag to display networking statistics. Using this flag by itself displays all IP, TCP, UDP, and ICMP connection statistics. To just show some basic information. For example purposes, only the output from --raw is displayed here. Combined with the uptime command, this can be used to get an overview of how much traffic your machine is handling on a daily basis.

4: netstat --statistics --route

% netstat --statistics --raw
Ip:
620516640 total packets received
0 forwarded
0 incoming packets discarded
615716262 incoming packets delivered
699594782 requests sent out
5 fragments dropped after timeout
3463529 reassemblies required
636730 packets reassembled ok
5 packet reassembles failed
310797 fragments created
// ICMP statistics truncated

Note: For verbosity, the long names for the various flags were given. Most can be abbreviated to avoid excessive typing (e.g. netstat -tn, netstat -tlp, netstat -r, and netstat -sw).

While netstat is a common utility, hopefully this has demonstrated some different ways to make use of the command. For more information see man 8 netstat.





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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/07/13578175805896.html

tutorial - Linux ext3 filesystem recovery tools



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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/07/135781758013702.html

tutorial - How do I disable the ping response?

Usually a ping is used to check if a machine is up and to check the network status.

It is a small network packet sent to the machine. If the machine is up, an answer will be sent. The time needed to get the answer is called ping time or round-trip time.

The ping response from an IP indicates the machine is up.

Unfortunately this can be used to quickly scan an IP-range for reachable hosts.

This can be used to find potential hackable machines. If your machine doesn't answer to pings, your chance to be seen is reduced. (That doesn't mean your machine is more secure, the machine is just not that easy to be seen from the internet. Nothing more.)

Add the following line to your init script for the network (the name depends on the distribution you use):

echo 1 >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all

This disables ping responses.

To reenable, use the following command:

echo 0 >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all

To make this permanent set the following into /etc/sysctl.conf (if you have such a file)

net.ipv4.conf.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/07/13578175801418.html

tutorial - How to Automatically reboot server after a kernel panic

Add panic=10 to the kernel command line to reboot with 10 seconds of a kernel error. Be careful with this when setting up new kernels.

It’s possible to change it later with sysctl, or by writing to /proc:

# echo 10 > /proc/sys/kernel/panic

To make it permanent, edit /etc/sysctl.conf and add the below line:

kernel.panic = 10

`sysctl -p` to load the conf file and make permanent.


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/07/13578175803656.html

tutorial - Network Configuration in Ubuntu

1) Configure your card for getting ip address from DHCP

sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces

auto eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp

2) Configure your card for static ip address

sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces

auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.0.1
gateway 192.168.0.2
netmask 255.255.255.0
network 192.168.0.0

After entering all the details you need to restart networking services using the following command

sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart

3) Setting up DNS server

sudo vi /etc/resolv.conf

search localhost
nameserver 192.168.0.2


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/07/135781758017366.html

tutorial - How To create and use swap file (Adding Swap Space)

Sometimes it is necessary to add more swap space after installation. For example, you may upgrade the amount of RAM in your system from 256 MB to 1 GB, but there is only 256 MB of swap space. It might be advantageous to increase the amount of swap space to 1 GB if you perform memory-intense operations or run applications that require a large amount of memory.

Linux also provides tools to manage your swap space. You can add and remove spaces as you need to, as well as turn them on and off, even while they are being used.

To create a file to be used a swap, you need to first create the file. This is most easily done with the dd command. To create a 65 Mb file, you might have this command (from the the mkswap man-page):

# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1024 count=65536

which displays:

65536+0 records in
65536+0 records out

Next you have to prepare the file for usage as swap space using the mkswap. The simplest form would be:

# mkswap /swapfile

Now add this file to your swap pool

# swapon /swpafile

Now you can check if swap is added to your system by using following command

# free


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/07/135781758015391.html

tutorial - Quick and Simple Samba configuration

The first step is to create a share folder on your hard drive; for instance, /disk2/data. After that, you need to edit the smb.conf file, found in /etc/samba, and make it look something like this:

# Global parameters[global]
workgroup = HOME
netbios name = SAMBA
server string = Samba Server %v
map to guest = Bad User
log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m
max log size = 50
socket options = TCP_NODELAY SO_RCVBUF=8192 SO_SNDBUF=8192
preferred master = No
local master = No
dns proxy = No
security = User

# Share[Data]
path = /disk2/data
valid users = nik
read only = No
create mask = 0777
directory mask = 0777

You can copy and paste this into your conf file or make changes to your existing one.

The workgroup name needs to be the workgroup of your Windows computers, or your domain name. The netbios name is what will appear when you access the Linux computer from Windows. I am currently running a Windows domain with this setup, so I have the preferred master and local master set to no to avoid both servers from attempting to be the master browser. This will eliminate network conflicts on your Windows computers that can cause network-related outages.

For the share details, specify the valid users, or set them up later. In that section you can allow users to create their own folder and files for all to access.

The next step is to add users by the following command:

# useradd -c “Nikesh Jauhari” nik
# smbpasswd -a nik
New SMB password: secret
Reenter SMB password: secret
Added user nik

Next, run the testparm command to ensure that the conf file is valid. If it returns no errors, restart Samba with the command /etc/rc.d/rc.samba restart.

Now you’re ready to test Samba. On a Windows computer, you can either map a drive to the Samba server or access the drive using the Start-Run command and typing \\Samba\data, “Samba” being the server name and “data” being the shared folder.

One disclaimer: this setup serves a small network or a home network. For a larger user base and more complex network configuration, you may want to use the documentation provided on the Samba Web site


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/07/13578175807116.html

tutorial - Making Directory tree with single command

Use mkdir with the `-p’ option to make a subdirectory and any of its parents that do not already exist. This is useful when you want to make a fairly complex directory tree from scratch, and don’t want to have to make each directory individually.

    * To make the `a/b/c’ directory — a subdirectory of the `b’ directory, which in turn is a subdirectory of the `a’ directory in the current directory, type:

      $ mkdir -p a/b/c [RET]

This makes a `c1′ subdirectory in the directory called `b’, which in turn is in a directory called `a’ in the current directory; if the `b’ or the `c’ directories do not already exist, they are made as well (if you know that `a’ and `b’ both exist, the above command works fine without the `-p’ option).


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/07/135781758017250.html

tutorial - Some good links on Fedora Core

What is Fedora

Fedora screenshots
List of all the programs/libraries that comes with Fedora
Download Fedora
Help for Fedora
Where to look for new programs
Add style elements for your desktop


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/07/13578175804221.html

tutorial - Quick Postfix Virtual Hosts Configuration

There is 3 main files that need to be modifiy:

    * /etc/mailname : the visible mail name of the system
    * /etc/aliases : Postfix local alias database format
    * /etc/postfix/main.cf : Postfix configuration parameters

/etc/mailname : This is where you set the domain name of the system, has seen by the other. It needs, in most cases, to look like a real domain name, otherwise, the next smtp server on the road might refuse the mails originating from your machine.

In this example, I choose hell.com.

/etc/aliases :
The place you define aliases. For instance, it is quite good to redirect all mail to root to your normal user.

Here:

    # Added by installer for initial user
    root: myuser

    From now on, you will be able to get system notice using mutt with your myuser user.

/etc/postfix/main.cf :

The place we are going to make a few changes. Let’s say I want to be able to relay mail sent to user at mydomain.org to my personnal adress nik@foo.bar.

In the first place I need to define a virtual alias domain.

    virtual_alias_domains = mydomain.org

Then, we need to tell postfix where the alias database is:

    virtual_alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual

Adding those 2 lines is sufficient to make your box treat the mail sent to linux.org. Now, we need to tell postfix what to do with the mails.

Create and Edit the file /etc/postfix/virtual and add:

    nik@mydomain.org nikfoobar.org
    localuser@mydomain.org myuser
    @mydomain.org catch-all@foobar.org

At the first line, we say that we want all the mail to nik@mydomain.org to be forwarded to nik@foobar.org.
On the second line we tell postfix to deliver the mails to localuser@mydomain.org to the Unix user myuser.
On line 3, we define a catch-all adress which will forward any mails to mail account to the mail account catch-all@foobar.org.

This is it!

Now we need to regenerate the aliases database as well as the virtual mail aliases dataase. To do so, execute the following commands:

    root@laptop:~#newaliases
    root@laptop:~#postmap /etc/postfix/virtual

And restart postfix:

    root@laptop:~#/etc/init.d/postfix

And you are done Smiling.


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/07/13578175808648.html

tutorial - How to compile Linux kernel

You should be root when running any of the below mentioned commands.
First go to the below link and find the latest kernel version. Currently its - linux-2.6.26

Download it using wget
# wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.26.tar.gz

And copy it under /usr/src
# cp linux-2.6.26.tar.gz /usr/src

Go to this directory
# cd /usr/src

And extract the kernel from the compressed file. This command will create a new folder called linux-2.6.26
# tar zxf linux-2.6.26.tar.gz

Now go to the directory that contains your new kernel
# cd linux-2.6.26

And get your old configuration
# make oldconfig

If you have qt libraries installed on your system run # make xconfig. This is the graphical configuration system through which you will make all the necessary changes in your kernel. If you have only ncurses installed you may run # make menuconfig
# make xconfig or # make menuconfig

When you have configured everything run make to start compiling your kernel
# make

Then run make modules_install to install your new modules created above.
# make modules_install

And finally create all the necessary files under /boot and also configure grub to include your new kernel
# make install

Reboot and from grub choose the new kernel! If anything goes wrong it means you have made a mistake in the kernel configuration. Boot in with your old kernel and run again make xconfig to do the appropriate changes.
# reboot


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/07/135781758016013.html

tutorial - Bastille Linux - Installation and configuration

Installing Bastille is easy, since many distributions come with Bastille available as a package, like Debian, Gentoo and Red Hat Fedora. You can also download Bastille in the form of an RPM or as a source file. There are some pre-requisites you will need if you want to run Bastille in Hardening mode (you can run Bastille in Assessment mode without these). These are:



    * perl-Tk and perl-Curses,

    * perl-Tk for Bastille in GUI mode

    * and perl-Curses for the command-line mode.



You can find these pre-requisites in RPM form, or you can install them via CPAN.



After these pre-requisites are installed, you can install Bastille, for example via RPM as:



# rpm -ivh Bastille-3.0.9-1.0.noarch.rpm



Bastille is then executed by running the bastille binary. Run the command with the -x option for GUI Hardening mode, with the -c option for command-line Hardening mode. If you just want to run Bastille in Assessment mode, then run the bastille binary with the –assess option. This will assess the host and then try to launch a browser to display the resulting report. If you do not wish to display the report, you can run Bastille with the –assessnobrowser option, which just generates the report and does not launch a browser. If you wish to revert an already hardened host you can use the -r option like so:



# bastille -r



Bastille can be a powerful tool, particularly for ensuring a consistent security baseline on your Linux hosts. It doesn’t guarantee that your host is secured against all threats, but it does take care of a lot of configuration weaknesses and security configuration that can be time-consuming and complicated. Bastille’s model also means that you can apply the same controls on a number of hosts in a consistent and structured manner. The broad platform and distribution coverage available in the application also means that you can easily harden a variety of hosts without having to worry about differing configuration standards, file locations and default settings. Finally, any tool that helps you with the process of hardening and securing your hosts with the minimum of effort, especially when IT and security resources are sometimes stretched thin, is well worth investing in time to understand and implement.


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/07/135781758016473.html

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