Tutorial Proggraming Free

tutorial - HowTo Use/Install F-PROT Antivirus On Ubuntu

Open the terminal, go to your home directory and become root:

cd ~ sudo su

Then download the DEB package (the one whose link you've just copied to the clipboard) like this (using the link from your clipboard):

wget http://files.f-prot.com/files/linux-x86/fp-linux-ws.deb

Install the package like this:

dpkg -i fp-linux-ws.deb

F-PROT is a command line application, Fortunately, http://web.tiscali.it/sharp/xfprot/ provides a GUI for F-PROT (called XFPROT) that we can install as follows:

wget http://web.tiscali.it/sharp/xfprot/xfprot_1.22-1_i386.deb
dpkg -i xfprot_1.22-1_i386.deb

Now we need to create menu entry for F-PROT

gedit /usr/share/applications/fprot.desktop

[Desktop Entry]
Name=F-Prot
Comment=Anti-Virus Application
Exec=xfprot
Icon=/usr/local/xfprot/icons/antivirus-48x48.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;

Save the file. You should now find F-PROT under Applications > System Tools > F-Prot:

After you've started F-PROT/XFPROT for the first time, you will be asked to accept the XFPROT license (GPL). Check I agree, don't show this again and click on Ok:

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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/02/13578175802262.html

tutorial - Monitor Proftpd Server by Using phpftpwho

Install phpftpwho

Note :- phpftpwho must be installed on the same machine that is running Proftpd server.

Download phpftpwho from here using the following command in apache web server root document folder (/var/www)

#wget http://www.rivetcode.com/files/phpftpwho/phpftpwho-1_05.tar.gz

Now you have tar.gz file you need to extract using the following command

# tar xzvf phpftpwho-1_05.tar.gz

Now you should be having phpftpwho folder in your apache root document folder(/var/www)

If you want to access your phpftpwho program you need to go to http://yourserverip/phpftpwho

Now you need to login into the ftp server and refresh your phpftpwho page you should see similar to the following screen

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/02/135781758013217.html

tutorial - Duplicating a disk

If you have two IDE drives that are of identical size, and provided that you are sure they contain no bad sectors and provided neither are mounted, you can run

dd if=/dev/hdc of=/dev/hdd

to copy the entire disk and avoid having to install an operating system from scratch. It doesn't matter what is on the original (Windows, LINUX, or whatever) since each sector is identically duplicated; the new system will work perfectly.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/03/135781758018508.html

tutorial - HowTo Use GPG

1. Key Generation

gpg # Initialize GPG for this user (e.g. create ~/.gnupg). Only have to run once.
gpg --gen-key # Start key generation process. Follow prompts.

2. Viewing Keys

gpg --list-keys # View public keys
gpg --list-secret-keys # View private keys

3. Exporting Public Keys

gpg --export # Exports key in binary format
gpg --export --armor # Export in a usable, ASCII format

4. Importing Public Keys

gpg --import /path/to/public/key/file

5. Encrypting a Message

gpg --encrypt --armor --recipient message_file # Creates encrypted message in an ASCII format

6. Decrypting a Message

gpg encrypted_message_file

You will be prompted for the filename to use for the output of the decryption process.
7. Encrypting with a Symmetric Key

gpg --symmetric --armor message_file

8. Signing and Encrypting a Message

gpg --sign --encrypt --armor --recipient message_file

9. Creating a Detached Signature

gpg --detach-sign --armor message_file # Sender
gpg --verify message_file.asc message_file # Recipient

10. Signing Another's Public Key

A is going to sign B's key.

# First, A must do:
gpg --sign-key B
gpg --export --armor B > B.key

# Then, B must do:
gpg --import B.key

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/03/135781758010943.html

tutorial - Relative vs. Absolute Pathnames

Commands can be given file name arguments in two ways. If you are in the same directory as the file (i.e., the file is in the current directory), then you can just enter the file name on its own (e.g., cp my_file new_file). Otherwise, you can enter the full path name, like cp /home/jack/my_file /home/jack/new_file.

Very often administrators use the notation ./my_file to be clear about the distinction, for instance, cp ./my_file ./new_file. The leading ./ makes it clear that both files are relative to the current directory. File names not starting with a / are called relative path names, and otherwise, absolute path names.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/03/13578175804276.html

tutorial - mkswap, swapon, and swapoff

The mkswap command formats a partition to be used as a swap device. For our disk,

mkswap -c /dev/hda5

-c has the same meaning to check for bad blocks.

Once the partition is formatted, the kernel can be signalled to use that partition as a swap partition with

swapon /dev/hda5

and to stop usage,

swapoff /dev/hda5

You Can have as many of them as you like. You can swapon many different partitions simultaneously.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/03/135781758011511.html

tutorial - Process Accounting HowTo

Process Accounting is used for

1. Keeps track of user processes.
2. Originally intended as a way to keep track of resources in order to bill departments/users for their usage.
3. Packages

psacct

Turning On/Off

1. Enabling - Use accton command and specify the file for storing the accounting information.

/sbin/accton /var/log/pacct

2. Disabling - Use accton command without specifying a file.

/sbin/accton

Viewing Information

1. ac - The 'ac' command is used to print out a report of connection times.

Examples:

ac # Print total connection time.
ac -dp # Give daily (-d) connection totals by person (-p)
ac --complain # Print out any problems in wtmp file (time-warps, missing records, etc.)

2. sa - The 'sa' command is used to summarize accounting information.

Examples:

sa # Print information about all commands in the process accounting file
sa -u # Print command information by user

3. lastcomm - Displays which commands have been executed.

Examples:

lastcomm # Display all commands executed on system
lastcomm rm # Display information about all invocations of the 'rm' command

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/03/13578175806248.html

tutorial - Limiting large requests in apache

Apache has several directives that allow you to limit the size of a request, this can also be useful for mitigating the effects of a denial of service attack.

A good place to start is the LimitRequestBody directive. This directive is set to unlimited by default. If you are allowing file uploads of no larger than 1MB, you could set this setting to something like:

LimitRequestBody 1048576

If you're not allowing file uploads you can set it even smaller.

Some other directives to look at are LimitRequestFields, LimitRequestFieldSize and LimitRequestLine. These directives are set to a reasonable defaults for most servers, but you may want to tweak them to best fit your needs. See the documentation for more info.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/03/13578175803706.html

tutorial - HowTo boot the system into Resuce/Single-User or Emergency Mode

Booting into Rescue Mode

Rescue mode provides the ability to boot a small Linux environment entirely from CD-ROM, or some other boot method, instead of the system's hard drive.

As the name implies, rescue mode is provided to rescue you from something. During normal operation, your Linux system uses files located on your system's hard drive to do everything — run programs, store your files, and more.

Once you have booted using bootable disk, add the keyword rescue as a kernel parameter.

linux rescue

Booting into Single-User Mode

One of the advantages of single-user mode is that you do not need a boot CD-ROM; however, it does not give you the option to mount the file systems as read-only or not mount them at all.

In single-user mode, your computer boots to runlevel 1. Your local file systems are mounted, but your network is not activated.

use the following steps to boot into single-user mode:

1.At the GRUB splash screen at boot time, press any key to enter the GRUB interactive menu.
2.Select Linux with the version of the kernel that you wish to boot and type a to append the line.
3.Go to the end of the line and type single as a separate word (press the Spacebar and then type single). Press Enter to exit edit mode.

Emergency Mode

In emergency mode, you are booted into the most minimal environment possible. The root file system is mounted read-only and almost nothing is set up. The main advantage of emergency mode over single-user mode is that the init files are not loaded. If init is corrupted or not working, you can still mount file systems to recover data that could be lost during a re-installation.

To boot into emergency mode, use the same method as described for single-user mode, with one exception, replace the keyword single with the keyword emergency.

Reference: Here

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/03/135781758015314.html

tutorial - HowTo make Installation Boot CD-ROM (RedHat)

isolinux is used for booting the Red Hat. To create your own CD-ROM to boot the installation program, use the following instructions:

Copy the isolinux/ directory from the Red Hat Enterprise Linux DVD or CD #1 into a temporary directory

cp -r /isolinux/

Change directories to the directory you have created:

cd

Make sure the files you have copied have appropriate permissions:

chmod u+w isolinux/*

Finally, issue the following command to create the ISO image file:

mkisofs -o file.iso -b isolinux.bin -c boot.cat -no-emul-boot \ -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table -R -J -v -T isolinux/

Burn the resulting ISO image (named file.iso and located in ) to a CD-ROM as you normally would.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/03/135781758013359.html

tutorial - HowTo execute the program during Linux startup

The /etc/rc.d/rc.local script is executed by the init command at boot time or when changing runlevels. Adding commands to the bottom of this script is an easy way to perform necessary tasks like starting special services or initialize devices without writing complex initialization scripts in the /etc/rc.d/init.d/ directory and creating symbolic links.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/03/13578175802921.html

tutorial - HowTo Resize a Partition

Before resizing a partition, boot into rescue mode. Read this for booting into rescue mode.

Start parted, where /dev/sda is the device on which to resize the partition:

parted /dev/sda

View the current partition table to determine the minor number of the partition to resize as well as the start and end points for the partition:

print

To resize the partition, use the resize command followed by the minor number for the partition, the starting place in megabytes, and the end place in megabytes. For example:

resize 3 1024 2048

After resizing the partition, use the print command to confirm that the partition has been resized correctly, is the correct partition type, and is the correct file system type.

After rebooting the system into normal mode, use the command df to make sure the partition was mounted and is recognized with the new size.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/03/135781758016990.html

tutorial - HowTo get the firstboot screen again in Fedora/RedHat

The first time the system boots, the /sbin/init program calls the /etc/rc.d/init.d/firstboot script, which in turn launches the Setup Agent. This application allows the user to install the latest updates as well as additional applications.

The /etc/sysconfig/firstboot file tells the Setup Agent application not to run on subsequent reboots. To run it the next time the system boots, remove /etc/sysconfig/firstboot and execute

chkconfig --level 5 firstboot on.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/03/135781758011000.html

tutorial - HowTo Verifying Signature of RPM Packages

To check the GnuPG signature of an RPM file after importing the builder's GnuPG key, use the following command (replace with the filename of the RPM package):

rpm -K

If all goes well, the following message is displayed: md5 gpg OK. This means that the signature of the package has been verified, and that it is not corrupt.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/03/13578175801887.html

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