Tutorial Proggraming Free

tutorial - Top OpenSorce Groupware

eGroupWare is many things. It is a very flexible pluggable framework capable of hosting applications like a group calendar, AddressBook, Email, accounting ledger, inventory, and whatever else your can think of. These applications can share a common user store, and a flexible Access Control List (ACL) system to control access and information sharing. At it's core there is the phpgwapi, an API written for php, that provides some very useful functions and tools for developers, including the user store, which has several back ends, database abstraction, and a flexible templating system. Applications are then written using the phpgwapi and phpgw framework to provide web based tools to users.

phpGroupWare (http://www.phpgroupware.org/)

phpGroupWare - formerly known as webdistro - is a multi-user groupware suite written in PHP.

It provides about 50 web-based applications, as there are the Calendar, Addressbook, an advanced Projects manager, Todo List, Notes, Email, Newsgroup- and Headlines Reader, a Filemanager and many more Applications. The calendar supports repeating events and includes alarm functions. The email system supports inline graphics and file attachments.

The system as a whole supports user preferences, themes, user permissions, multi-language support and unser groups. It includes modules to setup and administrate the working environment. The groupware suite is based on an advanced Application Programming Interface (API).

PHProjekt (http://www.phprojekt.com/)

PHProjekt is a modular application for the coordination of group activities and to share informations and document via the web. Components of PHProjekt: Group calendar, project management, time card system, file management, contact manager, mail client and many other modules.

Group-Office (www.sourceforge.net/projects/group-office)

It offers a very wide variety of features that matter. Features you don't need won't be installed. Group-Office stands out when it comes to user friendliness combined with powerfully features. It was developed with the following goals in mind:

Speed
The World Wide Wait bugs us all every day and the critical business applications that Group-Office provides can't be hindered by being slow. Group-Office is specifically designed to perform tasks as quickly as possible.

Simplicity
The Graphical User Interface is designed in a way that everybody intuitively finds the functions they are looking for. Group-Office strives to be as simple as possible without losing functionality.

Modularity
As an ever-changing software product, upgrades should be as painless as possible. This means that good code design is critical. Group-Office is designed in a modular way that makes upgrades easy and painless.

Scalability
Group-Office is designed to be usable for 1 to thousands of users.

WebCollab (http://webcollab.sourceforge.net/)

A collaborative web-based system for projects and project management; WebCollab is easy to use, and encourages users to work together. The software is functionally elegant and secure without being cumbersome for users, or graphically intensive.

The software is ideally suited to tracking multiple projects and innumerable small tasks across an organisation of any size. If you have reminder notes stuck all over your desk, then you need WebCollab!

    * Easy to read and intuitive screen layouts. Most users can use WebCollab without training.
    * Individual users are assigned rights and permissions. Users can also be put into groups with controlled rights and permissions.
    * Projects and tasks progress and approaching deadlines are graphically highlighted.
    * Changes are personally highlighted for other users to see.
    * Changes and new items can be emailed to affected users.

And the software is based on mature code base:

    * WebCollab is fast and stable
    * Secure - particular attention has been paid to security. No security scares to date.
    * Robust and scalable. Several years of daily production use.

OBM (http://www.obm.org/)

OBM is a groupware, email, LDAP, Windows PDC, CRM, and project management application. It is mainly used as an Exchange or Notes/Domino groupware and mail server replacement, as an LDAP directory, as a Windows PDC, as a contact and customer database, as a project management tool, or as any combination of these functions. It provides groupware (calendars, contacts, and tasks) connectors for Outlook, Thunderbird/Lightning, and PDAs. It supports internationalization and themes. It is highly scalable, and is used by sites from five to many thousands of users.

Teamwork (http://www.twproject.com)

Teamwork is a Web-based groupware for project management. It supplies groupware, issue tracking, cost control, and document and project management features with fine-grained security in a friendly interface. Agile methodologies such SCRUM are supported. Teamwork is easy to integrate with your IT infrastructure. Supports multiple databases (via hibernate), browsers, and languages.

TWiki (http://TWiki.org/)

TWiki is a flexible, powerful, and simple Web based collaboration platform. It is suitable for dynamic intranets and knowledge bases, and for sharing and managing documents and collaborative projects. It resembles a normal Web site, but every page can be changed from a browser. It features automatic link generation, full text search, group authorization, Web forms, reporting, change notification, file attachments, revision control of pages and attachments, a modular templating system with skins, hierarchical navigation based on the topic parenting feature, and more. Plugins can be used to enhance the program and build groupware applications.

Horde Groupware (http://www.horde.org/groupware/)

Horde Groupware is an enterprise ready browser-based collaboration suite. Users can manage and share calendars, contacts, tasks, and notes with the standards compliant components from the Horde Project. Horde Groupware bundles the separately available applications Kronolith, Turba, Nag, and Mnemo. It can be extended with any of the released Horde applications or the Horde modules that are still in development, like a file manager, a bookmark manager, a forum, or a wiki.

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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/10/13578175719933.html

tutorial - Top Download Manager

d4x (Here)

Downloader for X is a powerful graphical download manager. It supports both HTTP(S) and FTP protocols and has nice graphical user interface, though some actions can also be performed using the command line.

Among others, its key features include proxy and SOCKS5 support, recursive downloading, wildcard matching, download scheduler, multiple download queues and more...

Using the D4X is very simple, copy the url to the file to be downloaded, Click the + icon in the software and paste the URL and click OK. Quite interesting features in D4X are sound effets on completion, ftp access, simple usage, logs, setting limits on download size etc… Use D4X for your downloads and Enjoy…

KGet (http://kget.sourceforge.net/)

KGet is a download manager similar to GetRight or Go!zilla.

It keeps all your downloads in one dialog and you can add and remove transfers. Transfers can be paused, resumed, queued or scheduled. Dialogs display information about the status of transfers - progress, size, speed and remaining time.

The program supports drag & drop from KDE applications and Mozilla Firefox.
KGet is an advanced download manager with support for Metalink and Bittorrent. Downloads are added to the list, where they can be paused, queued, or scheduled for later.

Features include:
    * Downloading files from FTP and HTTP(S) sources
    * Pausing and resuming of downloading files, as well as the ability to restart a download
    * Provides lots of information about current and pending downloads.
    * Embedding into system tray
    * Integration with the Konqueror web browser
    * Metalink support which contain multiple URLs for downloads, along with checksums and other information

doKa (http://doka.sourceforge.net/)

doKa is a download accelerator/manager for KDE, with the beauty of KDE. It supports various connections that divides the file. It'll have the feature of add new connections on the "fly".

It's made with Kdevelop, C++ and Qt, it uses multiples connections to download a file. This way you can speed up your download. The goal of this project is to make a downloader with the beauty of Kde and with more features than the main downloaders for Linux has.

KMAGO (http://kmago.sourceforge.net/)

KMAGO (MAnager of Get Operations) is a KDE-based download manager. It features drag and drop operations, group management of transfers, control of multiple downloads with priority and selectable priority policy, resume capability check, full configurability, and the ability to choose different programs for use as a downloading backend.

Features:
* drag and drop operations with applications (konqueror, Netscape, ...) and between KMago widgets
* drop target and system tray icon with d'n'd capabilities
* transfers grouping
* multiple downloads control with priority and selectable priority policy
* resume capability check
* full configurable
* enabled to manage many retriever commands
* cookie and http related management offered by KDE I/O library

Gwget (http://www.gnome.org/projects/gwget/)

Gwget it's a download manager for the Gnome Desktop. The main features are:

    * Resume: By default, gwget tries to continue any download.
    * Notification: Gwget tries to use the Gnome notification area suppo dxrt, if available. You can close the main window and gwget runs in the background.
    * Recursivity: Gwget detects when you put a html, php, asp or a web page dir in the url to download, and ask you to only download certain files (multimedia, only the index, and so on).
    * Drag & Drop: You can d&d a url to the main gwget window or the notification area icon to add a new download.
    * Firefox Extension: Fireget

QuickDownloader (http://qdown.sourceforge.net/)

QuickDownloader is a download manager that accelerates downloads by between 200 and 300%. It provides a resume capability for resuming broken downloads. It supports both HTTP and FTP downloads.

features:

features of QuickDownloader
* Support for multiple Downloads
* Capability to carry out both downloads and Resume simultaneously
* Better Handling of errors
* Handling of 100 % of all possible errors that can be thrown
* A Desktop button which can set the location to the users desktop
* Resuming of All Downloads
* Information on each Download that can be resumed
* Buffer Resizing for optimum use
* Proxy Configuration for systems behind firewalls
* The viewing of System Resources and the resources in use by QD
* Log and error handling support
* Accelerates Downloads by upto 300%
* Support for all types of Network connections such as Dial Up, Broadband T1 etc.
* Ability to download from both http and ftp sites
* 100 % Resume support on all downloads even if the server doesn't support it.
* Downloads can be zipped up upon download to minimise the amount of space it takes
* OS Independent
* Uses Java JRE which runs on any machine such as Windows 2000, 98, Linux etc.
* Integrity checker for all gui based components

octod (http://diozaka.org/octod/)

Octod is a "download manager daemon" -- a daemon that listens at the network interface for incoming download jobs and performs them (simultaneously) in the background. It is intended to run on desktop systems as a reliable and fast download manager without the overhead of a graphical user interface, but it can also be used as a centralized download station running in network environments with multiple users.

To control the daemon, an easy and self-explanatory network protocol has been defined, so cross-platform, cross-language graphical clients (based on ncurses, Qt, Gtk, or even HTML/PHP) can be implemented.

The libraries used for the daemon (libcURL and libboost) are highly portable, so there should not be any problem in compiling it within any POSIX-compliant operating system and even Microsoft Windows (with some adaption of the network functions), but this has not been tested yet. At the moment, it is running fine on Linux systems.

Claros Downloader (http://www.claros.org/old/products/downloader/download.html)

Claros Downloader is a highly customizable, multi-threaded, Web-based downloader manager. Users can download files to their desktop or corporate server, from wherever they are.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/10/13578175711845.html

tutorial - How to change GRUB Menu Timeout on Ubuntu

When Ubuntu boots, grub gets loaded and will display the OS for only 3 sec, now suppose you want to increase this amount… or you may even want to decrease it.

Open up the /boot/grub/menu.lst file in your favorite text editor. you can use gedit:

sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

Now find the section that looks like this:

## timeout sec
# Set a timeout, in SEC seconds, before automatically booting the default entry
# (normally the first entry defined).
timeout 3

The timeout value is in seconds, specify the time you required. Save the file, and when you reboot you will have that many seconds to choose the menu item you want.

There are many other options avaliable in Grub -- check here

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/10/13578175711843.html

tutorial - How to create command aliases

Aliases in the Unix/Linux operating system provide shortcuts that can save you typing, let you build your own powerful commands, and make your command line life easier.

Background
I've found it very helpful to create aliases to make my command line Unix/Linux life easier. For instance, instead of always typing

ls -al

to get a directory listing, I've created an alias so I only have to type this: "l" (That's the lower case letter "L".)

Using aliases like this you can create anything from simple shortcuts like this to powerful custom commands.
How to create aliases

Creating aliases is very easy. You can either enter them at the command line as you're working, or more likely, you'll put them in one of your startup files, like your .bashrc file, so they will be available every time you log in.

I created the l alias above by entering the following command into my .bashrc file:

alias l="ls -al"

As you can see, the syntax is very easy:

   1. Start with the alias command
   2. Then type the name of the alias you want to create
   3. Then an = sign, with no spaces on either side of the =
   4. Then type the command (or commands) you want your alias to execute when it is run. This can be a simple command, or can be a powerful combination of commands.

Sample aliases
To get you going, here is a list of sample aliases I use all the time. I've pretty much just copied them here from my .bashrc file:

alias l="ls -al"
alias lm="ls -al|more"
alias html="cd /web/apache/htdocs/devdaily/html"
alias logs="cd /web/apache/htdocs/devdaily/logs"
alias qp="ps auxwww|more"
alias nu="who|wc -l"
alias aug="ls -al|grep Aug|grep -v 2002"

As you can see, you can get as creative as you want, and pipe commands together to do just about anything. In the last alias shown I've actually combined three Unix commands in a row into one alias to get the output I want.

Because the Unix shell is very programmable and because the output of commands is very consistent and reliable, you can create your own aliases (or macros if you prefer) to do just about anything.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/10/13578175716954.html

tutorial - Kernel parameters for enhance security

The following list shows tunable kernel parameters you can use to secure your Linux server against attacks.

For each tunable kernel parameters you need to be add it to the /etc/sysctl.conf configuration file to make the change permanent after reboots. To activate the configured kernel parameters immediately at runtime, use:
# sysctl -p

Enable TCP SYN Cookie Protection

A "SYN Attack" is a denial of service attack that consumes all the resources on a machine. Any server that is connected to a network is potentially subject to this attack.

To enable TCP SYN Cookie Protection, edit the /etc/sysctl.conf file and add the following line:
  net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1

Disable IP Source Routing

Source Routing is used to specify a path or route through the network from source to destination. This feature can be used by network people for diagnosing problems. However, if an intruder was able to send a source routed packet into the network, then he could intercept the replies and your server might not know that it's not communicating with a trusted server.

To enable Source Route Verification, edit the /etc/sysctl.conf file and add the following line:
  net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0

Disable ICMP Redirect Acceptance

ICMP redirects are used by routers to tell the server that there is a better path to other networks than the one chosen by the server. However, an intruder could potentially use ICMP redirect packets to alter the hosts's routing table by causing traffic to use a path you didn't intend.

To disable ICMP Redirect Acceptance, edit the /etc/sysctl.conf file and add the following line:
  net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0

Enable IP Spoofing Protection

IP spoofing is a technique where an intruder sends out packets which claim to be from another host by manipulating the source address. IP spoofing is very often used for denial of service attacks. For more information on IP Spoofing, I recommend the article IP Spoofing: Understanding the basics.

To enable IP Spoofing Protection, turn on Source Address Verification. Edit the /etc/sysctl.conf file and add the following line:
  net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1

Enable Ignoring to ICMP Requests

If you want or need Linux to ignore ping requests, edit the /etc/sysctl.conf file and add the following line:
  net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1
This cannot be done in many environments.

Enable Ignoring Broadcasts Request

If you want or need Linux to ignore broadcast requests, edit the /etc/sysctl.conf file and add the following line:
  net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1

Enable Bad Error Message Protection

To alert you about bad error messages in the network, edit the /etc/sysctl.conf file and add the following line:
  net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1

Enable Logging of Spoofed Packets, Source Routed Packets, Redirect Packets

To turn on logging for Spoofed Packets, Source Routed Packets, and Redirect Packets, edit the /etc/sysctl.conf file and add the following line:
  net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1

References: Network Security with /proc/sys/net/ipv4

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/10/135781757116713.html

tutorial - How to install an RPM Package on Ubuntu Linux

Installing software on Ubuntu usually entails using Synaptic or by using an apt-get command from the terminal. Unfortunately, there are still a number of packages out there that are only distributed in RPM format.

There's a utility called Alien that converts packages from one format to the other. This doesn't always mean that an rpm will work on your system, though. You will need to install some prerequisite software packages in order to install alien, however. These packages include gcc and make.

Run this command to install alien and other necessary packages:

sudo apt-get install alien dpkg-dev debhelper build-essential

To convert a package from rpm to debian format, use this command syntax. The sudo may not be necessary, but we'll include it just in case.

sudo alien packagename.rpm

To install the package, you'll use the dpkg utility, which is the internal package management tool behind debian and Ubuntu.

sudo dpkg -i packagename.deb

The package should now be installed, providing it's compatible with your system.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/10/135781757119592.html

tutorial - Encrypt CD/DVDs

This guide can be adapted to any distro, its not Ubuntu specific.

Installing necessary tools
sudo apt-get install aespipe mkisofs loop-aes-utils

Chose a password
You need to chose a 20+ character password and DO NOT FORGET IT, you will NEVER get your data back if you forget the password.

Creating the CD/DVD image
Make a directory called backup then copy the files you want to burn into the backup directory.
We are using AES encryption, you can chose from 128 or 256 bit key lengths, I recommend 256.

mkisofs -r backup | aespipe -e aes256 > backup.iso

or for 128 bit key length
mkisofs -r backup | aespipe -e aes128 > backup.iso

Mounting the image
First we need to load some modules

sudo modprobe aes
sudo modprobe cryptoloop

For 128 bit key lengths:
sudo mount -t iso9660 backup.iso /mnt/iso -o loop=/dev/loop0,encryption=aes128

For 256 bit key lengths:
sudo mount -t iso9660 backup.iso /mnt/iso -o loop=/dev/loop0,encryption=aes256

This will mount the image in /mnt/iso (make sure you have the directory before you try to mount)

Burning
You can burn the image with your favorite program (gnomebaker, k3b), you might get some warnings about the image but you can ignore them.

Mounting the new CD/DVD
First make sure you loaded the aes and cryptoloop modules (see above)
sudo mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/iso -o loop=/dev/loop0,encryption=aes256

Reference: Here

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/10/13578175713587.html

tutorial - dotnet on Linux

Mono provides the necessary software to develop and run .NET client and server applications on Linux, Solaris, Mac OS X, Windows, and Unix. Sponsored by Novell (http://www.novell.com ), the Mono open source project has an active and enthusiastic contributing community and is positioned to become the leading choice for development of Linux applications.

Frequently Asked Questions
Contacting the Mono Team
Bug reporting
Articles and Tutorials on Mono.

Mono is a cross platform, open source .NET development framework.

Mono allows your existing binaries to run on Linux with copy-deployment.

Features
Multi-platform.
Based on the ECMA/ISO standards .
Runs ASP.NET and Winforms applications.
Can run .NET, Java, Python and more .
Open Source, Free Software.
Commercially supported.
Comprehensive technology coverage

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/10/13578175711182.html

tutorial - Information about the Hard drive and list all PCI devices

$ hdparm /dev/hda

   /dev/hda:
   multcount = 16 (on)
   IO_support = 0 (default 16-bit)
   unmaskirq = 0 (off)
   using_dma = 1 (on)
   keepsettings = 0 (off)
   readonly = 0 (off)
   readahead = 256 (on)
   geometry = 16383/255/63, sectors = 234375000, start = 0

or for SCSI - $ hdparm -i /dev/sda

/dev/sda:

Model=ST3802110A , FwRev=3.AAJ, SerialNo=9LR2AE39
Config={ HardSect NotMFM HdSw>15uSec Fixed DTR>10Mbs RotSpdTol>.5% }
RawCHS=16383/16/63, TrkSize=0, SectSize=0, ECCbytes=4
BuffType=unknown, BuffSize=2048kB, MaxMultSect=16, MultSect=?1?
CurCHS=16383/16/63, CurSects=16514064, LBA=yes, LBAsects=156301488
IORDY=on/off, tPIO={min:240,w/IORDY:120}, tDMA={min:120,rec:120}
PIO modes: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4
DMA modes: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2
UDMA modes: udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 *udma5
AdvancedPM=no WriteCache=enabled
Drive conforms to: Unspecified: ATA/ATAPI-1,2,3,4,5,6,7

* signifies the current active mode

How fast is your drive? - $ hdparm -tT /dev/hda

   /dev/hda:
   Timing buffer-cache reads: 128 MB in 0.41 seconds =315.32 MB/sec
   Timing buffered disk reads: 64 MB in 1.19 seconds = 53.65 MB/sec

Need to find your device?

$ mount
or
$ cat /proc/partitions
or
$ dmesg | egrep '^(s|h)d'

   hda: IC35L120AVV207-1, ATA DISK drive
   hdc: Lite-On LTN486S 48x Max, ATAPI CD/DVD-ROM drive
   hda: max request size: 1024KiB
   hda: 234375000 sectors (120000 MB) w/7965KiB Cache, CHS=16383/255/63, UDMA(100)

If you want to turn on dma - $ hdparm -d1 /dev/hda

   setting using_dma to 1 (on)
   using_dma = 1 (on)

List all PCI devices - $ lspci -v

   00:00.0 Host bridge: ATI Technologies Inc Radeon Xpress 200 Host Bridge (rev 01)
        Subsystem: Intel Corporation Device d600
        Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 64
        Memory at (64-bit, non-prefetchable)
        Kernel modules: ati-agp

   ... lots more ...

   Note, there is also lspci -vv for even more information.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/10/135781757116266.html

tutorial - Squid proxy Cache Result Codes

TCP_HIT
A valid copy of the requested object was in the cache.

TCP_MEM_HIT
A valid copy of the requested object was in the cache, AND it was in memory so it did not have to be read from disk.

TCP_NEGATIVE_HIT
The request was for a negatively-cached object. Negative-caching refers to caching certain types of errors, such as "404 Not Found." The amount of time these errors are cached is controlled with the negative_ttl configuration parameter.

TCP_MISS
The requested object was not in the cache.

TCP_REFRESH_HIT
The object was in the cache, but STALE. An If-Modified-Since request was made and a "304 Not Modified" reply was received.

TCP_REF_FAIL_HIT
The object was in the cache, but STALE. The request to validate the object failed, so the old (stale) object was returned.

TCP_REFRESH_MISS
The object was in the cache, but STALE. An If-Modified-Since request was made and the reply contained new content.

TCP_CLIENT_REFRESH
The client issued a request with the "no-cache" pragma.

TCP_IMS_HIT
The client issued an If-Modified-Since request and the object was in the cache and still fresh.

TCP_IMS_MISS
The client issued an If-Modified-Since request for a stale object.

TCP_SWAPFAIL
The object was believed to be in the cache, but could not be accessed.

TCP_DENIED
Access was denied for this request

UDP_ codes

"UDP_" refers to requests on the ICP port (3130)

UDP_HIT
A valid copy of the requested object was in the cache.

UDP_HIT_OBJ
Same as UDP_HIT, but the object data was small enough to be sent in the UDP reply packet. Saves the following TCP request.

UDP_MISS
The requested object was not in the cache.

UDP_DENIED
Access was denied for this request.

UDP_INVALID
An invalid request was received.

UDP_RELOADING
The ICP request was "refused" because the cache is busy reloading its metadata.

ERR_ codes

"ERR_" refers to various types of errors for HTTP requests. For example:

ERR_CLIENT_ABORT
The client aborted its request.

ERR_NO_CLIENTS
There are no clients requesting this URL any more.

ERR_READ_ERROR
There was a read(2) error while retrieving this object.

ERR_CONNECT_FAIL
Squid failed to connect to the server for this request.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/10/13578175719643.html

tutorial - How to mount Linux filesystem under FreeBSD

Do the following steps to enable ext2fs support in the FreeBSD kernel:

# cd /usr/src/sys/modules/ext2fs
# make
# make install

You can use ‘kldload‘ to load the ext2fs module in to the kernel.

# kldload ext2fs
Then you will be able to mount your linux partitions by giving a command like:

# mount -t ext2fs /dev/ad1s1 /mnt

to unload module use

# kldunload ext2fs

To load the module automatically on system startup

add the following line in to /boot/loader.conf

ext2fs_load=”YES”

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/10/1357817571338.html

tutorial - Monitor Network data transfer using Vnstat

If you want to monitor and manage your Internet bandwidth, perhaps to make sure your ISP is not overbilling you, try vnStat, an open source, Linux-based application that gives you a clear picture of your bandwidth usage. This utility got the command-line options and also got the UI part which give the output in form of a graph and is simple to install and easy to use.

vnStat is a network traffic monitor for Linux that keeps a log of daily network traffic for the selected interface(s). vnStat isn’t a packet sniffer. The traffic information is analyzed from the /proc filesystem. That way vnStat can be used even without root permissions

Installation/Configuration

1) Download the source - here
2) Untar - # tar -zxvf vnstat-1.6.tar.gz
3) Compile/Install the source

    # ./configure
    # make
    # make install

4) To create a database for vnstat type in vnstat -u -i interface (ie, eth1), after the database is created, which is the first thing to do after a fresh install of vnstat, allow some time for the database to populate with information. After some time just type in vnstat to get a summary of your daily traffic. The database is stored in a file in the /var/lib/vnstat/ directory in a small binary file, you can sets up a cron job that refreshes the bandwidth consumption data on the eth0 port every five minutes

# vnstat

If you're not satisfied with the appearance of vnStat's command-line interface, you can install PHP-based Web front end for vnStat, which takes the data collected by the command-line vnStat and displays it in tables and graphically in your browser. The front end requires a Web server configured with PHP.

Download the tarball, extract the files into a subdirectory of your Web server's document root directory -- most likely /var/www/ or /var/www/html -- and give it the right permissions so the Web server can write to it:

# mkdir /var/www/vnstat
# tar -zxvf vnstat_php_frontend-1.4.tar.gz -C /var/www/vnstat/
# chown -R www-data.www-data /var/www/vnstat

Launch your browser and visit the vnStat page at http://localhost/vnstat to see something like ...

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/10/13578175712356.html

tutorial - LDAP Client Authentication

This file "/etc/ldap.conf" is the 1st file that has to be modified as this is the file that tells the system which ldap server to authenticate too.

host yourdomain.com
base dc=yourdomain,dc=com
uri ldap://yourdomain.com/
ldap_version 3
rootbinddn cn=Manager,dc=yourdomain,dc=com
scope sub
timelimit 5
bind_timelimit 5
nss_reconnect_tries 2
pam_login_attribute uid
pam_member_attribute gid
pam_password md5
pam_password exop
nss_base_passwd  ou=People,dc=yourdomain,dc=com
nss_base_shadow  ou=People,dc=yourdomain,dc=com

Now we have to add the passwd in this file "/etc/ldap.secret" so that we can authenticate to the ldap server
```
password
```

Now we have to modify this file "/etc/nsswitch.conf"

passwd:         files ldap
group:          files ldap
hosts:          dns ldap
services:   ldap [NOTFOUND=return] files
networks:   ldap [NOTFOUND=return] files
protocols:  ldap [NOTFOUND=return] files
rpc:        ldap [NOTFOUND=return] files
ethers:     ldap [NOTFOUND=return] files
netmasks:   files
bootparams: files
publickey:  files
automount:  files
sendmailvars:   files
netgroup:   ldap [NOTFOUND=return] files

Now it is time to modify the files in /etc/pam.d/ directory.
First file to be modified is "/etc/pam.d/login"

auth	sufficient	pam_ldap.so
account	sufficient	pam_ldap.so
password	sufficient	pam_ldap.so
session	sufficient	pam_ldap.so

auth            requisite       pam_securetty.so
auth            requisite       pam_nologin.so
auth            sufficient      pam_ldap.so
auth            required        pam_unix.so use_first_pass
auth            required        pam_tally.so onerr=succeed file=/var/log/faillog
account         required        pam_access.so
account         required        pam_time.so
account         required        pam_unix.so
account         sufficient      pam_ldap.so
password        sufficient      pam_ldap.so
session         required        pam_mkhomedir.so skel=/etc/skel/ umask=0022
session         required        pam_unix.so
session         required        pam_env.so
session         required        pam_motd.so
session         required        pam_limits.so
session         optional        pam_mail.so dir=/var/spool/mail standard
session         sufficient      pam_ldap.so
session         optional        pam_lastlog.so

Now we modify "/etc/pam.d/shadow"

auth	sufficient	pam_ldap.so
account	sufficient	pam_ldap.so
password	sufficient	pam_ldap.so
session	sufficient	pam_ldap.so

auth            sufficient      pam_rootok.so
auth            required        pam_unix.so
auth            sufficient      pam_ldap.so use_first_pass
account         required        pam_unix.so
account         sufficient      pam_ldap.so
session         required        pam_unix.so
session         sufficient      pam_ldap.so
password        sufficient      pam_ldap.so
password        required        pam_permit.so

Now we modify "/etc/pam.d/passwd"

password

sufficient

pam_ldap.so

password        sufficient      pam_ldap.so
password        required        pam_unix.so shadow nullok

Now we modify "/etc/pam.d/su"

auth	sufficient	pam_ldap.so
account	sufficient	pam_ldap.so
session	sufficient	pam_ldap.so

auth            sufficient      pam_ldap.so
auth            sufficient      pam_rootok.so
auth            required        pam_unix.so use_first_pass
account         sufficient      pam_ldap.so
account         required        pam_unix.so
session         sufficient      pam_ldap.so
session         required        pam_unix.so

Now we modify "/etc/pam.d/sudo"

auth

sufficient

pam_ldap.so

auth            sufficient      pam_ldap.so
auth            required        pam_unix.so use_first_pass
auth            required        pam_nologin.so

In this file "/etc/pam.d/sshd" you have to add 3 entries, one for auth, one for account, and one for session.

auth	sufficient	pam_ldap.so
account	sufficient	pam_ldap.so
password	required	pam_ldap.so

auth            required        pam_nologin.so
auth            sufficient      pam_ldap.so
auth            required        pam_env.so
auth            required        pam_unix.so use_first_pass
account         sufficient      pam_ldap.so
account         required        pam_unix.so
account         required        pam_time.so
password        required        pam_ldap.so
password        required        pam_unix.so
session         required        pam_mkhomedir.so skel=/etc/skel/ umask=0022
session         required        pam_unix_session.so
session         sufficient      pam_ldap.so
session         required        pam_limits.so

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/10/13578175714218.html

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