Tutorial Proggraming Free

tutorial - Visual Browser for Wikipedia - Indywiki

No matter what you think about the quality and nature of Wikipedia articles, there is no denying that the encyclopedia provides an immense knowledge repository full of exciting facts and information.

And while you can quickly find an article about a particular topic using Wikipedia’s search capabilities, there are other ways to explore Wikipedia that break away from the traditional search box approach.

Indywiki is a good example of a tool that tries to rethink the way we search and browse information in Wikipedia. Indywiki does have a search box, but that’s were the similarity with traditional search tools ends. Once you’ve found the article you’re looking for, you can continue to browse the related topics visually. To make this possible, Indywiki processes the current and related articles and extracts images from them. When you click on an image, Indywiki displays the article that the picture links to.

Installing indywiki:
Indywiki is written in Python, and it depends on the python-qt4 package, which most Linux distros have in their repositories. Install python-qt4 using your Linux distro's package manager,
download the latest version of Indywiki, unpack the downloaded archive, and you're ready to go. To launch Indywiki, switch to its directory ($cd src/indywiki ) and run the $python indywiki.py command or to install the program, run as root: #python setup.py install

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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2009/08/13578175716674.html

tutorial - HowTo Convert multimedia files between formats using ffmpeg

FFmpeg is a complete, cross-platform solution to record, convert and stream audio and video. It includes libavcodec - the leading audio/video codec library.

Video Examples:
    * Converting MOV to FLV using FFMPEG
      ffmpeg -i movie1.mov movie1.flv
      This will convert movie1.mov file to movie1.flv

    * Converting Mpeg to FLV using FFMPEG
      ffmpeg -i movie1.mpeg movie1.flv
      This will convert movie1.mpeg file to movie1.flv

    * Converting AVI to FLV using FFMPEG
      ffmpeg -i movie1.avi -s 500×500 movie1.flv
      This will convert movie1.avi file to movie1.flv and will resize the video resolution to 500×500

    * Converting 3GP to FLV using FFMPEG
      ffmpeg -i movie1.3gp -sameq -an movie1.flv
      This will convert movie1.3gp file to movie1.flv and will keep the original file settings and will disable the audio content

    * Converting MPEG to 3GP using FFMPEG
      ffmpeg -i movie1.mpeg -ab 8.85k -acodec libamr_wb -ac 1 -ar 16000 -vcodec h263 -s qcif movie2.3gp

    * FFV1 Encoding
      ffmpeg -i -vcodec ffv1 -an output.mov

* Converting flv to mpg using FFMPEG
ffmpeg -i myvideo.flv -ar 22050 -b 500 -s 320x240 myvideo.mpg

Audio Examples:
    * Converting aac to mp3 using FFMPEG with MetaData
      ffmpeg -i audio1.aac -ar 22050 -ab 32 -map_meta_data audio1.mp3:audio1.aac audio1.mp3
      This will convert audio1.aac to audio1.mp3 having audio rate 22.05 Khz and Audio BitRate 32Khz and will copy the meta data from .aac file to .mp3 file

    * Converting WMV to MP3 using FFMPEG
      ffmpeg -i audio1.wmv audio1.mp3
      This will convert audio1.wmv file to audio1.mp3

    * Converting WMV to FLV using FFMPEG
      ffmpeg -i audio1.wmv audio1.flv
      This will convert audio1.wmv file to audio1.flv, this will generate only audio content

    * Converting AMR to MP3 using FFMPEG
      ffmpeg -i audio1.amr -ar 22050 audio1.mp3
      This will convert audio1.amr file to audio1.mp3 having audio rate 22.05 Khz

    * Converting aac to mp3 using FFMPEG
      ffmpeg -i audio1.aac -ar 22050 -ab 32 audio1.mp3
      This will convert audio1.aac to audio1.mp3 having audio rate 22.05 Khz and Audio BitRate 32Khz

    * Rip MP3 From Video
      ffmpeg -i movie.flv -vn -acodec copy movie.mp3

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2009/08/135781757116119.html

tutorial - Repository List for Jaunty Jackalope

Here is the content sources.list through which you can install any necessary applications. So delete the whole content of your sources list and replace it with the this content (below).
Save it. Go to the Terminal and type:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

# Repository List based on standard Jaunty with many extra packages
#
# If you get errors about missing keys, lookup the key in this file
# and run these commands (replace KEY with the key number):
#
# sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com KEY

# Ubuntu supported packages
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty main restricted multiverse universe
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-updates main restricted multiverse universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty main restricted multiverse universe
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-updates main restricted multiverse universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

#Canonical Commercial Repository
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty partner
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty-backports partner
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty-updates partner
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty-security partner
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty-proposed partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty-backports partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty-updates partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty-security partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty-proposed partner

#gnome-globalmenu
# sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 7889D725DA6DEEAA
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/globalmenu-team/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main

#chromium-browser
# sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 5A9BF3BB4E5E17B5
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/chromium-daily/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main

#opera
# sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 033431536A423791
deb http://deb.opera.com/opera/ lenny non-free

#skype
deb http://download.skype.com/linux/repos/debian stable non-free

#firefox
# sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 632D16BB0C713DA6
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/fta/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main

#gnome-do
# sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 28A8205077558DD0
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/do-core/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main

#compiz-fusion
# sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 2ED6BB6042C24D89
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/compiz/ubuntu jaunty main

#google
# sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com A040830F7FAC5991
deb http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/ stable non-free

#shutter
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/shutter/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main

#medibuntu
# sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 2EBC26B60C5A2783
deb http://packages.medibuntu.org/ jaunty free non-free
deb-src http://packages.medibuntu.org/ jaunty free non-free

# MySQL Workbench
deb ftp://ftp.mysql.com/pub/mysql/download/gui-tools/ubuntu/ binary/
deb-src ftp://ftp.mysql.com/pub/mysql/download/gui-tools/ubuntu/ source/

# Virtualbox
# sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com DCF9F87B6DFBCBAE
deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian jaunty non-free

# PlayOnLinux
# sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com FC6D7D9D009ED615
deb http://deb.playonlinux.com/ jaunty main

# Ubuntu tweak
# sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 6AF0E1940624A220
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/tualatrix/ubuntu jaunty main
deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/tualatrix/ubuntu jaunty main

# disper tool multiple graphical displays
# sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 66D5C734F6EFB904
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/wvengen/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main
deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/wvengen/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main

#nautilus-dropbox
deb http://linux.getdropbox.com/ubuntu jaunty main

#Drizzle
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/drizzle-developers/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main
deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/drizzle-developers/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main

#subversion 1.6
# sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 6298AD34413576CB
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/anders-kaseorg/subversion-1.6/ubuntu jaunty main
deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/anders-kaseorg/subversion-1.6/ubuntu jaunty main

#pidgin
# sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 7FB8BEE0A1F196A8
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/pidgin-developers/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main

#wine
# sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 58403026387EE263
deb http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt jaunty main

#gnome-colors theme
# sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 2D79F61BE8D31A30
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/gnome-colors-packagers/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main
deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/gnome-colors-packagers/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main

#vlc 1
# sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com D739676F7613768D
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/c-korn/vlc/ubuntu jaunty main

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2009/08/135781757116262.html

tutorial - Speed Up Applications Load Time in Ubuntu - Preload

Preload is considered to be read-ahead daemon application as it analyzes the applications which user runs, and on the basis of this analysis it predicts which applications user can run next time and launches these applications in RAM. Its daemon keeps running in background all the time and saves the required information about the applications you are running so that it may load them quickly next time.

Open the terminal and run the following command to install preload: sudo apt-get install preload

Now to start preload run the following command in terminal:
sudo /etc/init.d/preload start

It will be installed instantly. Now it will run in the background and will keep track of the applciations you run. To stop it simple run following command in terminal.
sudo /etc/init.d/preload stop

The configuration file for Preload is kept in /etc/preload.conf and the default values should be fine for most people. But if you want to tweak the operation of Preload, an explanation of the options is available in the configuration file.

you can monitor Preload logfile by running:sudo tail -f /var/log/preload.log

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2009/08/13578175711874.html

tutorial - Creating Backup of Installed Packages - APTonCD

The most commonly used method to carry out the installation of additional packages in Ubuntu is the apt-get. The working mechanism of apt-get is very easy to understand, you specify the software package to install and it searches for that particular software from the Internet and if found, apt-get downloads it to your machine and installs it.

APTonCD is a tool with a graphical interface which allows you to create one or more CDs or DVDs (you choose the type of media) with all of the packages you've downloaded via APT-GET or APTITUDE, creating a removable repository that you can use on other computers.

APTonCD will also allow you to automatically create media with all of your .deb packages located in one especific repository, so that you can install them into your computers without the need for an internet conection.

Open the terminal and run the following command to install it: sudo apt-get install aptoncd

APTonCD Usage:
Once installation is complete, launch it from System → Administration → APTonCD.

Click Create to copy all the necessary packages from the /var/cache/ directory and displays it in a pop up dialog (below). Here you get to decide if you need to add any additional packages stored in an alternate location or remove some of the already selected packages. There is also an option to set the target media as a CD or DVD and the location where you want to save the resultant image.

Once the choices are made, Insert your CD/DVD and click Burn, it will start to copy all of your selected packages to the removable disk.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2009/08/135781757119655.html

tutorial - Detect and Repair Problems in MP3 files - MP3 Diags

In a few words, MP3 Diags is a GUI-based application that allows end-users to identify issues with their MP3 files, fix some of the issues and make other changes, like adding track information. It also lets you "look inside" an MP3 file.

MP3 Diags is a one stop solution that identifies more than 50 different issues in MP3 files and provides the means to fix many of them (well, not everything is fixable; you can't make a 64kbps file sound like a 256kbps one.)

Some of the more important issues that are found:

* broken tags / headers / audio
* duplicate tags / headers
* incorrect placement of tags / headers (ID3V2, ID3V1, LAME, Xing, ...)
* low quality audio
* missing VBR header
* missing track info / cover art
* broken track info / cover art
* missing normalization data
* character encoding issues (for languages other than English)

Some of the fixes and changes that MP3 Diags can do:

* Adding / fixing track info, including album cover; information can be retrieved from several sources: Internet, clipboard, file name, local files, and (obviously) keyboard
* Correcting files that show incorrect song duration
* Correcting files in which the player cannot seek correctly
* Converting characters for non-English names
* Adding composer name to the artist field, for players that don't handle the composer field
* Renaming files based on their fields
* Changing word case for track info

Installation:
OpenSuSe user can use "1-click" installer to install MP3 Diags
OpenSuSe 11.1 - here
OpenSuSe 11.0 - here

Ubuntu (repositories):
Ubuntu 9.04 - here
Ubuntu 8.10 - here

After successful installation go to terminal and type command : MP3Diags to open up the main application

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2009/08/13578175717398.html

tutorial - Desktop Calculator up to 50 Decimal Precisions - SpeedCrunch

SpeedCrunch is an OpenSource fast, usable, high precision and powerful desktop calculator. SpeedCrucnh is available for Linux, Windows, and Mac OS.

Features:

    * User-friendly GUI
    * unlimited variable storage
    * history and results on a scrollable display
    * up to 50 decimal precisions
    * intelligent automatic completion
    * fully usable from the keyboard
    * more than 50 built-in math functions
    * optional virtual keypad to be used with a mouse
    * on-the-fly and selection calculation
    * customizable appearance
    * syntax highlighting and parentheses matching
    * Keyboard-friendly
    * Smart correction
    * History repeats itself
    * 50 decimals at your disposal

Others:

color the expression: SpeedCrunch can always color the expression according to the syntax. You can easily distinguish numbers from variables. You can also see the matched parentheses.

automatic completion: Type the letter c only and in less than a second you will be automagically given with choices of cos, cosh or your variables whose name start with c.

50 decimals at your disposal: With its unique calculation routines, you can get up to 50 decimals of precision. Normally, all the important digits are shown, but you can also ask SpeedCrunch to round it to several digits.

precision: When your calculation is quite complex and involving a chain of operations, this high precision ensures that you would get less rounding error in the end.

Calculation history: Just press up and down arrow to access the expression which you typed before. Expression history of maximum last 100 expressions is saved between sessions.

Smart correction: SpeedCrunch can still understand an incomplete expression. For example, just typing sin followed by Enter – likely means taking the sine of last value – is automatically translated as sin(ans).

parentheses: Closing parenthesis can be left to SpeedCrunch, e.g. cos(pi/4 is automatically corrected to cos(pi/4).

Installation:

For Ubuntu, Debian, Kubuntu: sudo apt-get install speedcrunch
Gentoo : sudo emerge speedcrunch
Fedora : sudo yum install speedcrunch
OpenSUSE : sudo yast -i speedcrunch

For other Linux distributions, you can install SpeedCrunch by compiling it from source code. See the instructions below :
Download the tarball from here :
    * Download the tarball: speedcrunch-0.10.1.tar.gz (1.6 MB)
    * Extract the package to a temporary directory
    * Run cmake . from the src subfolder, followed by make
    * To install it, run make install (Need administration privileges)

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2009/08/135781757118612.html

tutorial - How To Monitor Your System Performance In OpenSuSe Linux

System performance monitoring is normally done in response to a performance problem. Either the system is running too slowly, or programs (and sometimes even the entire system) fail to run at all. In either case, performance monitoring is normally done as the first and last steps of a three-step process:

* Monitoring to identify the nature and scope of the resource shortages that are causing the performance problems.
* The data produced from monitoring is analyzed and a course of action (normally performance tuning and/or the procurement of additional hardware) is taken to resolve the problem.
* Monitoring to ensure that the performance problem has been resolved.

You can monitor your OpenSuSe system in one of the following fast and easy ways.

System Monitor
System Monitor is a default installed utility to monitor the system. It can be loaded from
Applications → System → Monitor → System Monitor.

It has a very groovy graphical interface with two main tabs, Process Table and System Load.

Process Table shows the CPU, memory, and network performance in the form of graphs. Have a look at the following screen shot.

Now, go to the System Load tab, it will show you all running programs along with their memory usage. From here you can get an idea which program is consuming more resources of your system and for here you can even kill or change the priority of the process (Rt click on the process and check all those things that you can do to a selected process).

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2009/09/13578175711191.html

tutorial - Command line Audio CD Ripper for OpenSuSe Linux - RipIT

RipIT is a Perl script which makes it a lot easier to create "mp3" files from an audio CD. RipIT supports Flac, Lame, Oggenc and Faac. Artist and song titles are retrieved with the CDDB_get.pm and it is possible to submit and edit CDDB entries at freedb.org. Hidden tracks and ghost songs are detected and splitted into chunks of sound, a toc (cue) file permits to burn the wavs with text and no gaps in DAO mode. Several encoder formats and qualities can be used at the same time and encoded into different directories.

RipIT will do the following without user intervention:
    * getting the audio CD Album/Artist/Tracks information from CDDB
    * ripping the audio CD Tracks
    * encoding to Flac, mp3 or Ogg
    * id3 tags encoded songs
    * creating an playlist (m3u) file
    * optionally generating a toc (cue) sheet for nice DAO burning
    * optionally preparing and send a CDDB submission and save it locally
    * optionally extracting hidden songs and split ghost songs
    * optionally creating md5sum files for all tracks
    * running several encoder processes at the same time and same run

Installation:
Download RipIT rpm file (from here) and install it using command:

# rpm -ivh ripit-3.7.0-3.noarch.rpm

or to update an existing old package, type:

# rpm -Uvh ripit-3.7.0-3.noarch.rpm

Usage:
To specify a CD device, type: ripit --device /dev/sr1
To specify the output directory, type ripit --outputdir /foo/paths/
To rip'n'code a special track selection, type ripit 1,3-6,8-11
To use several encoders in the same run, type ripit --coder 1,0,2 --quality 3,5,6

There are many more useful options that you can pass to ripit, look at the man pages for more detail.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2009/09/13578175711349.html

tutorial - How To Write, Compile and Execute C Programs under Linux

Most Linux and Unix programs are written in C. When you download source for a project, it will often be C or C++ source code. You don't necessarily need to know a darn thing about C or anything else to compile the source if you aren't changing it. It may be helpful for you to understand a bit if you are having problems with the compile, but even that isn't really necessary.

You can type you C program using any of the editors that are available under Linux such as vi or emacs or any other editor. My favourite is vi.

Source Code:
Write a Hello World C Program: Create a file call "firstprogram.c" in vi and type the following content into this file and save it.

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
printf("Hello World\n");
printf("My First C Program\n");
}

Once you have written and saved your C program using any editor return to the prompt. An “ls” command should display your C program. It should have the .c extension. Now at the prompt type the following

$ gcc firstprogram.c

You would be having a a.out in the same directory as the source C file. This is the default name of the executable that gcc creates. This would create problems when you compile many programs in one directory. So you override this with the -o option followed by the name of the executable

$ gcc -o hello firstprogram.c

Would create an executable by the name hello for your source code named firstprogram.c
Running the executable that you created is as simple as typing the following at the prompt.

$ ./hello

Or whatever you named your executable.

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2009/09/135781757111619.html

tutorial - How To do "Man in Middle" Attack using Ettercap

"Man in Middle" Attack is a form of active eavesdropping in which the attacker makes independent connections with the victims and relays messages between them, making them believe that they are talking directly to each other over a private connection when in fact the entire conversation is controlled by the attacker. The attacker must be able to intercept all messages going between the two victims and inject new and modified messages to one or both of them, which is straightforward in many circumstances (for example, an attacker within reception range of an unencrypted Wi-Fi wireless access point, can insert himself as a man-in-the-middle). example in form of picture is shown below.

Ettercap is a suite for man in the middle attacks on LAN. It features sniffing of live connections, content filtering on the fly and many other interesting tricks. It supports active and passive dissection of many protocols (even ciphered ones) and includes many feature for network and host analysis.

Installation: OpenSuSe 11.1 user can use "1-click" installer to install Ettercap - Here

Running Ettercap:You need to select a user interface (no default) using -T for Text only, -C for the Ncurses based GUI, or -G for the nice GTK2 interface (e.g) - # ettercap -G

Open Ettercap in graphical mode: # ettercap -G

Select the sniff mode: Sniff → Unified sniffing and Scan for host inside your subnet Hosts → Scan for hosts

See the MAC and IP addresses of the hosts inside your subnet: Hosts → Hosts List, from this list Select the machines to poison

We chose to ARP poison only the windows machine 192.168.1.2 and the router 192.168.1.1.
Highlight the line containing 192.168.1.1 and click on the "target 1" button.
Highlight the line containing 192.168.1.2 and click on the "target 2" button.

Start the ARP poisoning: Mitm → Arp poisoning and start the sniffer to see the activities

ARP TRAFFIC before the poisoning:
As you can see that the router and the Windows machine send an ARP broadcast to find the MAC address of the other.

No
1
2
3
4

Source
11:22:33:44:55:66
11:22:33:44:11:11
11:22:33:44:11:11
11:22:33:44:55:66

Destination
11:22:33:44:11:11
11:22:33:44:55:66
11:22:33:44:55:66
11:22:33:44:11:11

Prot
ARP
ARP
ARP
ARP

Info
who has 192.168.1.1? Tell 192.168.1.2
192.168.1.1 is at 11:22:33:44:11:11
who has 192.168.1.2? Tell 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.2 is at 11:22:33:44:55:66

ARP TRAFFIC after the poisoning
The router ARP broadcast request is answered by the Windows machine similarly than in the previous capture.

The difference between the two steps comes from the fact that there is no request coming from Windows (192.168.1.2) to find the MAC address associated to the router (192.168.1.1) because the poisoner continuously sends ARP packets telling the Windows machine that 192.168.1.1 is associated to his own MAC address (11:22:33:44:99:99) instead of the router MAC address (11:22:33:44:11:11).

No
1
2
3
4

Source
11:22:33:44:11:11
11:22:33:44:55:66
11:22:33:44:99:99
11:22:33:44:99:99

Destination
11:22:33:44:55:66
11:22:33:44:11:11
11:22:33:44:55:66
11:22:33:44:55:66

Prot
ARP
ARP
ARP
ARP

Info
who has 192.168.1.2? Tell 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.2 is at 11:22:33:44:55:66
192.168.1.1 is at 11:22:33:44:99:99
192.168.1.1 is at 11:22:33:44:99:99

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2009/09/13578175717471.html

tutorial - Speeding up Linux Using hdparm - Optimize Hard Disk

hdparm is a command line utility for the Linux operating systems to set and view SATA and IDE hard disk hardware parameters. It can set parameters such as drive caches, sleep mode, power management, acoustic management, and DMA settings.

Changing hardware parameters from suboptimal conservative defaults to their optimal settings can improve performance greatly. For example, turning on DMA can in some instances double or triple data throughput.

Here's how to put hdparm to use on your computer. Unlike recent tips, for this one you start by logging in as root. Type: $ su

Type the root password at the prompt. Then type: # hdparm -tT /dev/sda
Above commands should display a screen something this:

Timing cached reads: 1174 MB in 2.00 seconds = 587.03 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 174 MB in 3.01 seconds = 57.81 MB/sec

This performance isn't bad, but could be improved by tweaking some settings. Before you jump right in though, be sure to take some precautions. Some tweaks can cause problems, and may even make your hard disk unstable. First check the current settings: # hdparm /dev/sda

This will return something like:

multcount	= 16 (on)
IO_support	= 0 (default 16-bit)
unmaskirq	= 0 (off)
using_dma	= 1 (on)
keepsettings	= 0 (off)
readonly	= 0 (off)
readahead	= 256 (on)
geometry	= 65535/16/63, sectors = 60040544256, start = 0

Write down the parameters and their values, so you can set them back to the old values if needed.
To find additional info about your hard disk, use this command: # hdparm -i /dev/sda
This set of sample results from the above command shows just how detailed the information will be:

    Model=WDC WD800BD-22LRA0, FwRev=06.01D06, SerialNo=     WD-WMAM9P258947
     Config={ HardSect NotMFM HdSw>15uSec SpinMotCtl Fixed DTR>5Mbs FmtGapReq }
     RawCHS=16383/16/63, TrkSize=0, SectSize=0, ECCbytes=65
     BuffType=unknown, BuffSize=2048kB, MaxMultSect=16, MultSect=?1?
     CurCHS=16383/16/63, CurSects=16514064, LBA=yes, LBAsects=156301488
     IORDY=on/off, tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120}, tDMA={min:120,rec:120}
     PIO modes: pio0 pio3 pio4
     DMA modes: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2
     UDMA modes: udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6
     AdvancedPM=no WriteCache=enabled
     Drive conforms to: Unspecified: ATA/ATAPI-1,2,3,4,5,6,7

    * signifies the current active mode

These are possible settings for your hard disk, and the tweaks you might make.
As an example, to set 32-bit I/O support flag to 3, multicount to 16 and DMA (Direct Memory Access) to 1 (= on), you give the following command from root: # hdparm -c3 -m16 -d1 /dev/sda

Enabling DMA can in some cases lead to serious instability. To disable DMA: # hdparm -d0 /dev/sda
After making changes, check to see if performance has improved: # hdparm -tT /dev/hda

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2009/09/135781757110473.html

tutorial - File Access Permissions on Linux

File protection with chmod

chmod 400 file To protect a file against accidental overwriting.

chmod 500 dir To protect yourself from accidentally removing, renaming or moving files from this directory.

chmod 600 file A private file only changeable by the user who entered this command.

chmod 644 file A publicly readable file that can only be changed by the issuing user.

chmod 660 file Users belonging to your group can change this files, others don't have any access to it at all.

chmod 700 file Protects a file against any access from other users, while the issuing user still has full access.

chmod 755 dir For files that should be readable and executable by others, but only changeable by the issuing user.

chmod 775 file Standard file sharing mode for a group.

chmod 777 file Everybody can do everything to this file.

Special modes sticky bit

• sticky bit

– chmod +t

• when set on

– file: if sticky bit set, after job execution, the command is kept in memory

– directory: can only change files in this dir when user is owner of the file or has appropriate permissions see /tmp

Special modes set id

• set user id bit SUID

– chmod u+s

• set group id bit (SGID)

– chmod g+s

• when set on

– binary file: when run it runs with the group and or user of the file not the group/user of the person running it.

– directory: (SGID only) every file created in the directory takes same group as the directory, not the creator's group.

note: existing and copied files keep their group id)

Special modes numeric (octal) representation

0 setuid, setgid, sticky bits are cleared

1 sticky bit is set

2 setgid bit is set

3 setgid and sticky bits are set

4 setuid bit is set

5 setuid and sticky bits are set

6 setuid and setgid bits are set

7 setuid, setgid, sticky bits are set

Special modes textual representation

• SUID: If set, then replaces "x" in the owner permissions to "s", if owner has execute ermissions, or to "S" otherwise. Examples:

-rws------ both owner execute and SUID are set

-r-S------ SUID is set, but owner execute is not set

• SGID: If set, then replaces "x" in the group permissions to "s", if group has execute permissions, or to "S" otherwise. Examples:

-rwxrws--- both group execute and SGID are set

-rwxr-S--- SGID is set, but group execute not set

• Sticky bit: If set, then replaces "x" in the others permissions to "t", if others have execute permissions, or to "T" otherwise. Examples:

-rwxrwxrwt both others execute and sticky bit are set

-rwxrwxr-T sticky bit is set, but others execute is not set

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2009/09/135781757114406.html

tutorial - Howto install Skype 2.1 beta in Ubuntu

A new beta version of Skype for Linux has been released and includes a slew of new features that Linux users have been waiting for a long time. There are also a few tweaks and UI changes that will make using Skype on Linux a better overall experience for anyone who uses this popular client to make calls via their computer.

Here's a list of all the new features and some of the improvements you'll find in Skype version 2.1.0.47 for Linux:

Features
    * High Quality Video support.
    * Skype's SILK audio codec.
    * Pulse Audio support
    * SMS sending support.
    * Chat messages editing/removing support.
    * Typing notification in chat.
    * Chat picture support (add/change/remove) for group conversations.
    * Mood messages are visible in contact list and tooltip.
    * Video/Mobile icons are visible in contact list.
    * Bookmarked Chats are visible in contact list.
    * Contact labels/tags.

Improvements:
    * Right-clicking on the user name in the chat will open contact menu.
    improvement: A day divider is added to the chat. Timestamps are shorter for old messages.
    * Clickable links in mood message.
    * Enlarged tray icon, also showing number of missed events.
    * Flag button is replaced by button showing number of missed events.
    * Updated ALSA device detection, nicer to USB headsets.

Install Skype 2.1 beta in Ubuntu
First you need to remove the existing version of skype using the following command

    sudo apt-get autoremove skype skype-common

Download .deb package from here and install the downloaded package using the following command

    sudo dpkg -i skype-ubuntu-intrepid_2.1.0.47-1_i386.deb

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2009/09/135781757119551.html

tutorial - HowTo Get ClearType like Smooth Fonts in Ubuntu Linux

Turning on ClearType mode if you’re using an LCD monitor helps a lot in improving readability. Ubuntu, by default, doesn’t have ClearType turned on. However, you could achieve really nice font smoothing by just choosing an option in the settings.

In order to turn text smoothing on in Ubuntu, do the following:

    * Go to System > Preferences > Appearance
    * Go to the Fonts tab
    * Under rendering, select Subpixel Smoothing (LCDs)

* Click close

source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2009/09/1357817571823.html

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