tutorial - How to enable IP Forwarding

By default any modern Linux distributions will have IP Forwarding disabled. This is normally a good idea, as most peoples will not need IP Forwarding, but if we are setting up a Linux router/gateway or maybe a VPN server (pptp or ipsec) or just a plain dial-in server then we will need to enable forwarding. This can be done in several ways that I will present bellow.

Check if IP Forwarding is enabled
We have to query the sysctl kernel value net.ipv4.ip_forward to see if forwarding is enabled or not:

Using sysctl:
sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
or just checking out the value in the /proc system:
cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
0
As we can see in both the above examples this was disabled (as show by the value 0).

Enable IP Forwarding on the fly
As with any sysctl kernel parameters we can change the value of net.ipv4.ip_forward on the fly (without rebooting the system):
sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
or
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
the setting is changed instantly; the result will not be preserved after rebooting the system.

Permanent setting using /etc/sysctl.conf
If we want to make this configuration permanent the best way to do it is using the file /etc/sysctl.conf where we can add a line containing net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
/etc/sysctl.conf:
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
if you already have an entry net.ipv4.ip_forward with the value 0 you can change that 1.

To enable the changes made in sysctl.conf you will need to run the command:
sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf
On RedHat based systems this is also enabled when restarting the network service:
service network restart


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/01/135781758011525.html

tutorial - How to use hosts.allow and hosts.deny (tcpwrappers)

1. Open terminal
2. su - if you not a root user
3. Use your favorite editor like vi.
4. Type vi /etc/hosts.deny
5. At the bottom line just type “ALL:ALL:deny” to restricted all of deamon process
6. Save it.
7. Open “/etc/hosts.allow” with vi editor
8. At the buttom line “ALL:(some ip that you allow):allow” to allow anything from my IP address
9. Save it.


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/01/1357817580351.html

tutorial - Security Guide for Linux by NSA

Guide for Linux is presented as Hardening Tips for the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 and Guide to the Secure Configuration of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5. Of course most of recommendation suit other distributions. Here is the introduction quote from latter guide:

"The purpose of this guide is to provide security configuration recommendations for the Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 5 operating system. The guidance provided here should be applicable to all variants (Desktop, Server, Advanced Platform) of the product. Recommended settings for the basic operating system are provided, as well as for many commonly-used services that the system can host in a network environment.

The guide is intended for system administrators. Readers are assumed to possess basic system administration skills for Unix-like systems, as well as some familiarity with Red Hat’s documentation and administration conventions. Some instructions within this guide are complex. All directions should be followed completely and with understanding of their effects in order to avoid serious adverse effects on the system and its security."

Above mentioned guide covers the following directions: system-wide configuration (for example, iptables and ip6tables setup, logging, selinux and etc.) and services configuring (SSH, Avahi server, MTA, LDAP and many others).



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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/02/135781758010225.html

tutorial - Script to convert .m4a to .mp3

Put all your .m4a files (that you want to convert) into a folder and execute the following script from within this folder, make sure to make this script executable (chmod 777 m4a2mp3.sh)

#!/bin/sh
# name of this script: m4a2mp3.sh
# m4a to mp3

for i in *.m4a; do
faad "$i"
x=`echo "$i"|sed -e 's/.m4a/.wav/'`
y=`echo "$i"|sed -e 's/.m4a/.mp3/'`
lame -h -b 192 "$x" "$y"
rm "$x"
done

Dependencies

faad2 and lame



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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/02/13578175804763.html

tutorial - Script to convert .wav to .mp3

Put all your .wav files (that you want to convert) into a folder and execute the following script from within this folder, make sure to make this script executable (chmod 777 wav2mp3.sh)

#!/bin/sh
# name of this script: wav2mp3.sh
# wav to mp3

for i in *.wav; do
if [ -e "$i" ]; then
file=`basename "$i" .wav`
lame -h -b 192 "$i" "$file.mp3"
fi
done
Dependencies

faad2 and lame



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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/02/135781758017004.html

tutorial - Encrypt-Decrypt file using GPG

With GPG you can encrypt and decrypt files with a password. GPG is an encryption and signing tool for Linux/UNIX like operating system such as OpenBSD/Solaris/Fedora.

In this first example I will show you the basics on how to encrypt a file. But before we do that lets create a file called encrypt_example.

# touch encrypt_example

To encrypt single file, use the GPG command as follows: gpg -c encrypt_example. This will create a encrypt_example.gpg file. The -c option will Encrypt with symmetric cipher

Now to decrypt it, use command - gpg encrypt_example.gpg


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/01/13578175807836.html

tutorial - Change Postfix to accept incoming mail on port 1054 or other but send outgoing mail on 25

modify /etc/services
add a new service (say smtp2) with port 1054.
leave smtp at 25

modify /etc/postfix./master.cf
change the line that reads

"smtp inet n - n - - smtpd"
to
"smtp2 inet n - n - - smtpd"

restart postfix
postfix reload


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/02/135781758012383.html

tutorial - HowTo take backup of Partition Table

Many of us are doing backups of all kinds of data: from regular files, databases, to full partitions or hard drives. What I have noticed that very few peoples even think about the partition table. Given the importance of the partition table I would suggest to have a backup of it, in case you will have a corrupted partition table, if you made a change by mistake or even if that gets deleted somehow (by mistake or intentionally). You still have the data on the disk but without recreating the correct partition table it will not be very easy to get the data back. Anyway this is very easy to do, so it is better to have it on hand, than regret that you have not done this when needed.

We can get a quick look on all the existing partitions on all the available hard drives with fdisk using the -l switch without any other parameter:

fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 74.3 GB, 74355769344 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9039 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 1 16 128488+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 17 259 1951897+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda3 260 2083 14651280 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 2084 9039 55874070 83 Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 73.4 GB, 73407820800 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8924 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 8924 71681998+ 83 Linux

If we add to the command line the particular device that corresponds to a hard disk, like /dev/sdb we get the same result only for that device:

fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Disk /dev/sdb: 73.4 GB, 73407820800 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8924 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 8924 71681998+ 83 Linux

Of course someone might use only this information to recreate the partition table by manually creating the same partitions with the same start/end blocks (in case you want to do that you just have to save the above output in a file so you have that information on hand when needed), but there is a simpler way using sfdisk:

sfdisk -d /dev/sda
# partition table of /dev/sda
unit: sectors

/dev/sda1 : start= 63, size= 256977, Id=83
/dev/sda2 : start= 257040, size= 3903795, Id=82
/dev/sda3 : start= 4160835, size= 29302560, Id=83
/dev/sda4 : start= 33463395, size=111748140, Id=83

Using sfdisk with the -d option we can get a dump of the current partition table in a regular file, and if needed we can restore it from that file:

sfdisk -d /dev/sda > sda_table

and to restore the partition table:

sfdisk /dev/sda <>

Regardless on the method used, having a backup of the partition table might be handy. ;)

One more tip: another usage of sfdisk with -d is to create an identical partition table from another hard disk. In this example we are partitioning sdb with the exact same partitions as sda:

sfdisk -d /dev/sda | sfdisk /dev/sdb

of course this can be handy when the hard drives are identical, in raid1 setups, etc.



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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/02/13578175809515.html

tutorial - Service redirection on other machine

xinetd can be used as a transparent proxy, It allows to send a service request towards an other machine to the desired port.

service telnet
{
flags = REUSE
socket_type = stream
wait = no
user = root
server = /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
only_from = 192.168.1.0/24
redirect = 192.168.1.15 23
}

Let's watch what's going on now:

>>telnet server
Trying 192.168.1.1...
Connected to server.
Escape character is '^]'.

Welcome to openSUSE 10.3 (i586)
Poison login:

At first, the connection seems to be established on server but the following shows that poison took over. This mecanism can be both useful and dangerous. When setting it up, logging must be done on both ends of the connection.


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/02/13578175804420.html

tutorial - HowTo make two instance of postfix running on same machine

What's involved?

Creating a second instance of Postfix from an existing one involves the following steps:

1. Add an IP address to the server
2. Copy the /etc/postfix directory and all files
3. Create an additional spool directory
4. Edit the config files
5. Create startup and administration scripts

Step one: Add an IP address

The second instance of Postfix will be used for all outbound e-mail. Users will configure their e-mail clients to connect to that IP as their "SMTP server".

Follow the procedure appropriate to your server's version of Linux to add a second IP. The new IP can exist on the same network card as the first (eg. as device eth0:1 on Linux) or can be tied to a second NIC, whichever best suits your requirements.

The new IP address must resolve to a name. Either add a name for it in your DNS, or add an entry in the server's /etc/hosts file. Postfix will not work unless the IP address resolves to a name on the server Postfix is installed on.

As an alternative, the new instance can share the same IP but receive mail on a port other than port 25. We won't show that here, but it's an alternative to be aware of.

Step two: copy /etc/postfix

Copy your existing /etc/postfix directory to /etc/postfix-out:

cp -rp /etc/postfix /etc/postfix-out

The new directory should have all the files with the same ownership and permissions as the original.

To make the next step easier, edit file /etc/postfix-out/main.cf. Change the following setting or add it if it does not exist:

queue_directory = /var/spool/postfix-out

Save the changes to the file before proceeding to the next step.

Step three: create an additional spool directory

Each instance of Postfix must have it's own mail spool directory. To avoid file conflicts, the default directory /var/spool/postfix must not be shared among instances.

Create a directory named /var/spool/postfix-out and let Postfix create the appropriate subdirectories and permissions:

mkdir /var/spool/postfix-out
postfix -c /etc/postfix-out check

The result should be directory /var/spool/postfix-out containing something similar to the following:

drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 336 Jan 30 10:20 .
drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 384 Jan 30 10:20 ..
drwx------ 2 postfix root 48 Jan 30 10:20 active
drwx------ 2 postfix root 48 Jan 30 10:20 bounce
drwx------ 2 postfix root 48 Jan 30 10:20 corrupt
drwx------ 2 postfix root 48 Jan 30 10:20 defer
drwx------ 2 postfix root 48 Jan 30 10:20 deferred
drwx------ 2 postfix root 48 Jan 30 10:20 flush
drwx------ 2 postfix root 48 Jan 30 10:20 incoming
drwx-wx--- 2 postfix postdrop 48 Jan 30 10:20 maildrop
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 48 Jan 30 10:20 pid
drwx------ 2 postfix root 48 Jan 30 10:20 private
drwx--x--- 2 postfix postdrop 48 Jan 30 10:20 public
drwx------ 2 postfix root 48 Jan 30 10:20 saved

If directory /var/spool/postfix contains directories named etc, usr and lib, your first Postfix instance was probably installed chrooted: if those directories exist, manually copy them to /var/spool/postfix-out:

cp -rp /var/spool/postfix/etc /var/spool/postfix-out
cp -rp /var/spool/postfix/usr /var/spool/postfix-out
cp -rp /var/spool/postfix/lib /var/spool/postfix-out

Step four: edit the config files

Edit the file /etc/postfix/main.cf and add the following near the bottom of the file:

alternate_config_directories = /etc/postfix-out

The above setting is required to inform the Postfix daemons about the second instance.

Next, edit the file /etc/postfix-out/main.cf and change the following setting:

inet_interfaces = second-IP-address-NAME

Note: in the above you must specify the DNS name of the second IP address, not the IP address. If the IP address does not have a DNS name, add an entry for it to /etc/hosts so it can be resolved locally on the server.

You should also remove settings such as reject_maps_rbl and content filtering that only need to be applied to inbound e-mail, and change syslog_facility so logging of outbound mail sent to a different file than inbound.

You might also want to change the setting myhostname so the second instance uses a name difference than the first (eg. "mx1-out"). This is required if the two instances will exchange mail with each other, otherwise Postfix will complain mail "loops back to myself".

Lastly, you can force mail being sent from the outbound instance to send using the same IP address as the inbound instance. This is useful when the mail server is behind a firewall and you want only one IP address to communicate with the Internet. To send mail on a different IP, add the setting smtp_bind_address to main.cf similar to the following:

smtp_bind_address = 192.168.1.1

(Of course, replace the IP address above with your own server's inbound SMTP IP address)

Step five: Create startup and administration scripts
Startup script
The second instance can be started using the normal postfix start command, except you must point to the other configuration directory. For example:

postfix -c /etc/postfix-out start

To create a startup script for the second instance, either edit your existing Postfix startup script and add the above command after the existing postfix start command, or copy the existing startup script to a new name and change the copy. If you copy the start script, be sure to also follow your operating system's instructions for installing a new init script (for example, chkconfig on Redhat Linux, update-rc.d on Debian Linux).


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/02/13578175803461.html

tutorial - First step in hacking - know your neighboring machines

The simplest way I can do is use ping, I can send a broadcast packet to everyone in a subnet, so that they can response back. Let say I am in subnet of 192.168.0.x and the broadcast IP is 192.168.0.255, I can do this:

ping -b 192.168.0.255

How I know the broadcast IP is 192.168.0.255? I can check with ifconfig.

ifconfig eth0 | grep Bcast

Some routers are configured to filter broadcast and multicast packets to prevent broadcast storm, if so, broadcast is useless.

So what are the alternatives way?

I can ping the IP one by one with a line of bash script.

for ((i=1;i<255;i++));>

The result will look like this:

--- 192.168.0.1 ping statistics ---
--- 192.168.0.2 ping statistics ---
--- 192.168.0.3 ping statistics ---
--- 192.168.0.4 ping statistics ---
64 bytes from 192.168.0.5: icmp_seq=1 ttl=249 time=11.0 ms
--- 192.168.0.5 ping statistics ---
64 bytes from 192.168.0.6: icmp_seq=1 ttl=248 time=12.3 ms
--- 192.168.0.6 ping statistics ---
--- 192.168.0.7 ping statistics ---
--- 192.168.0.8 ping statistics ---
--- 192.168.0.9 ping statistics ---
--- 192.168.0.10 ping statistics ---
--- 192.168.0.11 ping statistics ---

Let me explain the ping options I use, -c (count) indicates how many attempt of ping for a single IP, -W specified the timeout in second, ping will waits until timeout to declare the attempt is fail.

From the sample results, I discovered 192.168.0.5 and 192.168.0.6.

Due to the limitation of ping, I can’t specified the timeout less than 1 seconds, to scan a class C LAN, it may takes up 255 seconds, which is extremely slow.



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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/02/13578175809338.html

tutorial - HowTo hide information in a image or sound file

OutGuess

OutGuess is console-based universal steganographic tool that can hide information inside picture objects. The latest version, 0.2, was released in late 2001 and supports inserting objects into PPM, PNM, and JPEG image formats. OutGuess can be used on Linux, *BSD, Solaris, AIX, HP-UX, Mac OS X, and Windows.

Suppose I want to securely send a root password for a production server. I can start by putting the password in a pass.txt file, then encrypt it with a secret key and mix the encrypted version with an image called grill.jpg. OutGuess can do that with one command:

~$ outguess -k key -d pass.txt grill.jpg summer-grill.jpg

You don't need to use the -k option to encrypt the sensitive data with a secret key. If you leave it off, however, anyone who knows there's a file buried in the image can extract the output file.

Now I have an image named summer-grill.jpg that holds my production server's root password, and I can mail it to my coworker. Anyone who sees the picture won't notice anything strange, since the data in the image object is not visible to the human eye.

When my coworker receives the picture, he needs to extract the information from the file. As long as he knows the secret key I used for the encryption, he can run the command:

~$ outguess -k key -r summer-grill.jpg pass.txt

If you don't specify the -k option and provide the key, OutGuess will extract the pass.txt file, but it won't be readable.

Steghide

Steghide is another program you can use to hide sensitive data inside image and audio files. The latest version of Steghide, 0.5.1, has been available since October 2003, and supports hiding sensitive information inside BMP and JPEG image formats as well as in AU and WAV audio formats. The default encryption algorithm is Rijndael with a key size of 128 bits, which is basically AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), but you can choose from many other encryption algorithms as well. Steghide runs under both Linux and Windows.

Let's use the same scenario from our previous example. The equivalent Steghide command is:

~$ steghide embed -cf grill.jpg -sf summer-grill.jpg -ef pass.txt -p summer

To extract the pass.txt file from the summer-grill.jpg picture, use this Steghide command:

~$ steghide extract -sf summer-grill.jpg

You'll be asked for a password, and the utility will extract the pass.txt only if your password (secret key) is correct. Note that when extracting we didn't specify any output file. That's because Steghide automatically knows what the file name was that was inserted and extracts the file with the same name.

Stegtools

Stegtools is a pair of command-line tools for reading and writing hidden information. The latest version of stegtools, 0.4b, was released in the middle of 2005. The software supports 24bpp bitmap images, and runs on Linux and FreeBSD operating systems.

Using the same example again:

cat pass.txt | /usr/local/stegotools-0.4b/stegwrite grill.jpg summer-grill.jpg 1

Here I redirect the standard input (the output of cat command) into the stegwrite tool and specify an existing and desired output picture object. I used the full path to my stegwrite tools, since they're not in my $PATH. The number at the end of the command represents the number of last bits of the grill.jpg image that will be used to hide my data. The value may be 1, 2, or 4. More in-depth explanation can be found in the software's README file.

Stegread reads the hidden information from a picture object and writes it to the standard output. If I want to extract the password from summer-grill.jpg image, I can use this command:

~$ /usr/local/stegotools-0.4b/stegread summer-grill.jpg 1 > pass.txt

You need to have the right number of last bits in order to successfully extract the password from the object file. If you don't know the right number, the utility leaves you with an empty pass.txt file.

SteGUI, a Steghide GUI

SteGUI is a Linux-based graphical front end to Steghide that was released in May 2006. Before you install SteGUI you need the stegtools, FLTK toolkit, PStreams, ALSA, and Libjpeg libraries installed.

The menus in SteGUI allow you to open objects (picture or sound) and extract or embed information by selecting and clicking on the screen. Here you can see that I've opened my grill.jpg picture and am preparing to embed the pass.txt file. You can also see how many cryptographic algorithms are available for the job. Although it's a nice interface, SteGUI is useful only with objects made with the Steghide program.



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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/02/13578175806422.html

tutorial - Create perl binaries from perl scripts

You can have list of examples by just

man perlcc

First let us generate a perl script, create a file call hello

#!/usr/bin/perl
print "hello world. ";

Convert it into executable,

chmod +x hello

Try to run it, that is our normal perl script. To make it as a binary with ELF header, do this

perlcc -o hello-bin hello

So what is the different? Check with file command,

file hello*

Output:

hello:     perl script text executable
hello-bin: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.4, dynamically linked (uses shared libs), not stripped

File shows that “hello” is perl script, where “hello-bin” is a ELF executable binary file.



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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/02/135781758016903.html

tutorial - HowTo install software from Source Code

We usually download linux programs through package handling tools such as yum and apt-get. Download programs through package handling tools is easy, but not all programs is available in your Linux distribution repository. Sometimes, we need to download the source code, compile and install manually.

Usually, source code are compress in the archive format, its either tar.gz (.tgz) or bz2. The command uses to extract these archive is tar. Let say your archive is xyz2.29.tar.gz, then you can decompress it and extract to your folder like this

tar -xzvf xyz2.29.tar.gz -C /usr/src

-C is to indicate tar where to store the extracted files, you can extract the source code any place you like, such as home directory.

Before you start configure and install, please always read the readme files tag alone with tarball, it will sometimes brief you the specific steps to install the programs and also the requirements to fulfill before compile the source code.

Common open source programs source code comes with configure files and makefiles. Because those programs usually are cross platform compatible. That means it can be compile in different platform such as Unix, Linux, BSD etc, given the required library installed and the dependencies solved. Therefore, before start to compile and install, you usually need to configure.

./configure

Configure scripts will check whether all the libraries and dependency files are there or not. If it is not there it will pause and indicate you what is missing. At this moment, you need to search for the lib and install that before you can continue to configure.

Sometimes, the libraries are install, just the lib location are not the same as specified in config file, a good configure script, will have allow you to set some option, such as alternatives lib path, prefix of where you want to install the programs to. Display the options, you do this.

./configure --help

When it is done, now you can compile your source code. To compile all the source code and produce the binaries, you do this

make

Some packages contain more than one programs, do

make all

To compile all and turn all into binaries.
The last steps, is to install, usually you need root privilege to install packages.

sudo make install

Some of the makefiles have other options such as uninstall, clean etc. So to uninstall, you can do this:

sudo make uninstall

What make install do is just copy the binaries created to specified path, and uninstall is just remove them from the specified directories. Makefiles and configure scripts sometimes might be vary, sometimes the tarball will tag alone with friendly script with names “runme.sh”. You just need to run the run me script, It will configure, make and install for you.


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source:http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/02/13578175802849.html

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